The Pathogenesis Of Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/human T-cell Leukemia Type I-associated Myelopathy

Tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-cell leukemia type I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) is caused by a human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) after a long incubation period. TSP/HAM is characterized by a chronic progressive paraparesis with sphincter disturbances, no/mild sensory loss, the absence of spinal cord compression and seropositivity for HTLV-I antibodies. The pathogenesis of this entity is not completely known and involves a multivariable phenomenon of immune system activation against the presence of HTLV-I antigens, leading to an inflammatory process and demyelination, mainly in the thoracic spinal cord. The current hypothesis about the pathogenesis of TSP/HAM is: 1) presence of HTLV-I antigens in the lumbar spinal cord, noted by an increased DNA HTLV-I load; 2) CTL either with their lytic functions or release/production of soluble factors, such as CC-chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules; 3) the presence of Tax gene expression that activates T-cell proliferation or induces an inflammatory process in the spinal cord; 4) the presence of B cells with neutralizing antibody production, or complement activation by an immune complex phenomenon, and 5) lower IL-2 and IFN-γ production and increased IL-10, indicating drive to a cytokine type 2 pattern in the TSP/HAM subjects and the existence of a genetic background such as some HLA haplotypes. All of these factors should be implicated in TSP/HAM and further studies are necessary to investigate their role in the development of TSP/HAM.331213951401Aboulafia, D.M., Clinical implications of human T-cell leukemia virus type I/II-associated diseases (1995) AIDS Reader, 5, pp. 118-125Uchiyama, T., Yodoi, J., Sagawa, K., Takatsuki, K., Uchino, H., Adult T-cell leukemia: Clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases (1977) Blood, 50, pp. 481-492Osame, M., Janssen, R., Kubota, H., Nishitani, H., Igata, A., Nagataki, S., Mori, M., Khabbaz, R., Nationwide survey of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in Japan: Association with blood transfusion (1990) Annals of Neurology, 28, pp. 50-56Gessain, A., Barin, F., Vernant, J.C., Gout, O., Maurs, L., Calender, A., De The, G., Antibodies to human T-lyrnphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (1985) Lancet, 2, pp. 407-410Osame, M., Usuku, J., Izumo, S., Ijichi, N., Amitani, H., Igata, A., Matsumoto, M., Tara, M., HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: A new clinical entity (1985) Lancet, 1, pp. 1031-1032Gessain, A., Gout, O., Chronic myelopathy with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) (1992) Annals of Internal Medicine, 117, pp. 933-946Iwasaki, Y., Pathology of chronic myelopathy associated with HTLV-I infection (TSP/HAM) (1990) Journal of Neurological Sciences, 96, pp. 103-123Seiki, M., Hattori, S., Hirayama, Y., Yoshida, M., Human adult T-cell leukemia virus: Complete nucleotide sequence of the provirus genome integrated in leukemia cell DNA (1983) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 80, pp. 3618-3622Murphy, E.L., Blattner, W.A., HTLV-I-associated leukemia: A model for chronic retroviral diseases (1988) Annals of Neurology, 23, pp. S174-S180Piccardo, P., Ceroni, M., Rodgers-Johnson, P., Mora, C., Asher, D.M., Char, G., Gibbs C.J., Jr., Gajdusek, D.C., Pathological and immunological observations on tropical spastic paraparesis in patients from Jamaica (1988) Annals of Neurology, 23, pp. 156-160Azizuki, S., Nakasato, O., Higuchi, Y., Tanabe, K., Setoguchi, M., Yoshida, S., Miyazaki, Y., Okajima, T., Necropsy findings in HTLV-I associated myelopathy (1987) Lancet, 1, pp. 156-157Tendler, G.L., Greenberg, S.J., Blattner, W.A., Manns, A., Murphy, E., Fleisher, T., Hanchard, B., Waldmann, T.A., Transactivation of mterleukin 2 and its receptor induces immune activation in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy: Pathogenic implications and a rationale for immunotherapy (1990) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 87, pp. 5218-5222Cheng, H., Tranok, J., Parks, W.P., Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome activation induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 tax protein is through cooperation of NF-kB and tat (1998) Journal of Virology, 72, pp. 6911-6916Gessain, A., Saal, F., Gout, O., Daniel, M.T., Flandrin, G., De The, G., Peries, J., Sigaux, F., High human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I proviral DNA load with polyclonal integration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of French West Indian, Guianese, and African patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (1990) Blood, 75, pp. 428-433Nagai, M., Usuku, K., Matsumoto, W., Kodama, D., Takenouchi, T.M., Hashiguchi, S., Ichinose, M., Osame, M., Analysis of HTLV-I proviral load in 202 TSP/HAM patients and 243 asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers: High proviral load strongly predisposes to TSP/HAM (1998) Journal of Neurovirology, 4, pp. 586-593Manns, A., Miley, J.W., Wilks, J.R., Morgan, O.C., Hanchard, B., Warfe, G., Cranston, B., Waters, D., Quantitative proviral DNA and antibody levels in the natural history of HTLV-I infection (1999) Journal of Infectious Diseases., 180, pp. 1487-1493Hara, H., Autoimmune mechanism in TSP/HAM (1994) Nippon Rinsho, 52, pp. 2919-2925Levin, M.C., Krichavsky, M., Berk, J., Foley, S., Rosenfeld, M., Dalmau, J., Chang, G., Jacobson, S., Neuronal molecular mimicry in immune-mediated neurologic disease (1998) Annals of Neurology, 44, pp. 87-98Hoffman, T.L., Doms, R.W., Chemokines and coreceptors in HIV/SIV-host interactions (1998) AIDS, 12 (SUPPL. A), pp. S17-S26Copeland, K.F.T., Heeney, J.L., T helper cell activation and human retroviral pathogenesis (1996) Microbiological Reviews, 60, pp. 722-742Oliva, A., Kinter, A.L., Vaccarezza, M., Rubbert, A., Catanzaro, A., Mo'r, S., Monaco, J., Fauci, A.S., Natural killer cells from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-in-fected individuals are an important source of CC-chemokines and suppress HIV-1 entry and replication in vitro (1998) Journal of Clinical Investigation, 102, pp. 223-231Umehara, F., Izumo, S., Takeya, M., Takahashi, K., Sato, E., Osame, M., Expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte chemcattractant protem-1 (MCP-1) in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (1996) Acta Neuropathologica, 91, pp. 343-350Giraudon, P., Buart, S., Bernard, A., Belin, M.F., Cytokines secreted by glial cells infected with HTLV-I modulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitor (TIMPs): Possible involvement in neurodegenerative processes (1997) Molecular Psychiatry, 2, pp. 107-110Greten, T.F., Slansky, J.E., Kubota, R., Soldan, S.S., Jaffee, E.M., Leist, T.P., Pardoll, D.M., Schneck, J.P., Direct visualization of antigen-specific T cells: HTLV-1 Taxi11-19-specific CD8(+) T cells are activated in peripheral blood and accumulate in cerebrospinal fluid from TSP/ HAM patients (1998) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95, pp. 7568-7573Biddison, W.E., Kubota, R., Kawanishi, T., Taub, D.D., Cruikshank, W.W., Center, D.M., Connor, E.W., Jacobson, S., Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-specific CD8+ CTL clones from patients with HTLV-I-associated neurologic disease secrete proinflammatory cytokines, chemokmes, and matrix metalloproteinase (1997) Journal of Immunology, 159, pp. 2018-2025Hoffman, P.M., Dhib-Jalbut, S., Mikovits, J.A., Robbins, D.S., Wolf, A.L., Bergey, G.K., Lohrey, N.C., Ruscetti, F.W., Human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection of monocytes and microglial cells in primary human cultures (1992) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, pp. 11784-11788Fox, R.J., Levin, M.C., Jacobson, S., Tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in the spinal cord of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients (1996) Journal of Neurovirology, 2, pp. 323-329Nagai, M., Ijichi, S., Hall, W.W., Osame, M., Differential effect of TGF-beta 1 on the in vitro activation of HTLV-I and the proliferates response of CDS+ T lymphocytes in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) (1995) Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 77, pp. 324-331Saarloos, M.N., Koenig, R.E., Spear, G.T., Elevated levels of iC3b and C4d, but not Bb, complement fragments from plasma of persons infected with human T cell leukemia virus HTLVI with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (1995) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 172, pp. 1095-1097Lira, J., Nakamura, M., Sawada, Y., Ohori, N., Itoyama, Y., Yamamoto, N., Sakaki, Y., Goto, I., Antibody titers to HTLV-Ip40tax protein and gag-env hybrid protein in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: Correlation with increased HTLV-I proviral DNA load (1992) Journal of Neurological Sciences, 107, pp. 98-104Usuku, K., Sonoda, S., Osame, M., Yashiki, S., Takahashi, K., Matsumoto, M., Sawada, T., Igata, A., HLA haplotype-linked high immune responsiveness against HTLV-I in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: Comparison with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (1988) Annals of Neurology, 23, pp. 143-150Godoy, A.J., Itoyama, Y., Tokunaga, K., Hara, H., Kawaga, Y., Kiyokawa, H., Maeda, Y., Goto, I., Allolymphocytotoxic antibodies in sera from HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients-putative anti-HLA antibodies (1994) Journal of Neurological Sciences, 125, pp. 62-69Uchiyama, T., Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and human diseases (1997) Annual Review of Immunology, 15, pp. 15-37Manns, A., Hanchard, B., Morgan, O.S., Wilks, R., Cranston, B., Nam, J.M., Blank, M., Sonoda, S., Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection and adult T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma in a Black population (1998) Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90, pp. 617-622Jeffery, K.J.M., Usuku, K., Hall, S.E., Matsumoto, W., Taylor, G.P., Procter, J., Bunce, M., Bangham, C.R.M., HLA alleles determine human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) proviral load and the risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (1999) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 96, pp. 3848-3853Bangham, C.R.M., Kermode, A.L., Hall, S.E., Daenke, S., The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to HTLV-I: The main determinant of disease? (1996) Seminars in Virology, 7, pp. 41-48Höllsberg, P., Pathogenesis of chronic progressive myelopathy associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (1997) Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 169 (SUPPL.), pp. 86-93Elovaara, I., Koenig, S., Brewah, A.Y., Woods, R.M., Lehky, T., Jacobson, S., High human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-specific precursor cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies in patients with HTLV-1-associated neurological disease (1993) Journal of Experimental Medicine, 177, pp. 1567-1573Casseb, J., Hong, M.A., Salomão, S., Duarte, A.J.S., Gallo, D., Hendry, R.M., Comfection with human immunodeficiency virus and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I: Reciprocal activation with clinical and immunological consequences (1997) Clinical Infectious Diseases, 25, pp. 1259-1260Casseb, J., Is HTLV-I more clever than HIV-I? (1998) Clinical Infectious Diseases, 27, pp. 1309-131

Nonintegrable Interaction of Ion-Acoustic and Electromagnetic Waves in a Plasma

In this paper we re-examine the one-dimensional interaction of electromagnetic and ion acoustic waves in a plasma. Our model is similar to one solved by Rao et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 26, 2488 (1983)) under a number of analytical approximations. Here we perform a numerical investigation to examine the stability of the model. We find that for slightly over dense plasmas, the propagation of stable solitary modes can occur in an adiabatic regime where the ion acoustic electric field potential is enslaved to the electromagnetic field of a laser. But if the laser intensity or plasma density increases or the laser frequency decreases, the adiabatic regime loses stability via a transition to chaos. New asymptotic states are attained when the adiabatic regime no longer exists. In these new states, the plasma becomes rarefied, and the laser field tends to behave like a vacuum field.Comment: 19 pages, REVTeX, 6 ps figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Scale Of Strategies And Motivation For Learning In Virtual Environments

This study aimed to build and to gather evidence of validity for a scale of teaching, learning and motivational strategies for learning in online learning environments (EEAM-AVA). To investigate evidence for the validity of the scale, the internal structure and dimensions that emerged during this study were considered. Participating in the survey were 572 students enrolled on courses in mediated virtual learning environments. The research instrument was built using a scale of forty five items. The analysis of the data collected showed a structure of five dimensions, all with acceptable levels of inner consistency, indicating the validity of the scale and its psychometric properties. Additional studies to revise and improve the items presented on the scale were recommended. It is hoped that the results may be of benefit for educators and psychologists who research questions investigated in this study.216659361

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation: Lipid Content And Hepatic Histology In Healthy Wistar Rats [suplementação Com ácido Linoleico Conjugado: Conteúdo De Lípides E Histologia Hepática De Ratos Wistar Saudáveis]

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of the consumption of two commercial conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixtures on lipid content and liver histology of healthy rats. The investigation was carried out using thirty rats divided into three groups: C (control), AE (AdvantEdge®CLA), and CO (CLA One®). The concentration of CLA was 2% of feed consumption, and the animals were supplemented daily for 42 days. The total lipid content of the liver was determined, and the histology of the organ was examined by Transmission Electronic Microscopy. The results of total liver lipid contents did not exhibit significant differences between the groups. With regard to hepatic histology, it was observed that although fat globules were visibly present in higher numbers and bigger size in the CLA groups, the organ histology was considered normal since both cytoplasm and organelles showed integrity. It was concluded that even though liver microscopic images indicated the presence of fat globules in the liver, from a statistical point of view, the supplementation for 42 days did not bring about lipid accumulation, nor did it alter hepatic histology.311141146Adams, L.A., Angulo, P., Lindor, K.D., Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2005) Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172 (7), pp. 899-905Akbiyik, F., Ligand-induced expression of peroxissome proliferators activated receptor α and activation of fatty oxidation enzymes in fatty liver (2004) European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 34 (6), pp. 429-435Akyüz, F., What is the best indicator for evaluating treatment response in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Histology or aminotransferase levels? (2005) Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 20 (1), pp. 167-168Basu, S., Smedman, A., Vesby, B., Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans (2000) FEBS Letters, 468 (1), pp. 33-36Belury, M.A., Conjugated linoleic acid is na activator and ligand for peroxissome proliferator-activated receptor-gama (PPARγ) (2002) Nutrition Research, 22 (7), pp. 817-824Belury, M.A., Kempa-Steczko, A., Conjugated linoleic acid modulates hepatic lipid composition in mice (1997) Lipids, 32 (2), pp. 199-204Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J., A rapid method of total lipid extration and purification (1959) Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37 (8), pp. 911-917Brown, J.M., McIntosh, M.K., Conjugated linoleic acid in humans: Regulation of adiposity and insulin sensitivity (2003) Journal of Nutrition, 133 (10), pp. 3041-3046Brunt, E.M., Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Definition and pathology (2001) Seminars in Liver Disease, 21 (1), pp. 3-16Cherian, G., Dietary CLA alters yolk and tissue FA composition and hepatic histopathology of laying hens (2002) Lipids, 37 (8), pp. 751-757Cherian, G., Goeger, M.P., Hepatic lipid characteristics and histopathology of laying hens fed CLA or n-3 fatty acids (2004) Lipids, 39 (1), pp. 31-36Chituri, S., Farel, G.C., Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (2001) Seminars in Liver Disease, 21 (1), pp. 27-41Choi, J.S., Song, J., Conjugated linoleic acid, obesity, and insulin resistance: Waiting for the day of liberation from chronic disease (2005) Nutrition, 21 (11), pp. 1170-1172Clement, L., Dietary trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse (2002) Journal Lipid Research, 43 (9), pp. 1400-1409Elitsur, Y., Treatment for NASH: The value of histology (2005) Journal Gastroenterology: A Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 100 (1), pp. 250-251Goena, M., Effect of the raw legume Vicia ervilha on muscle and liver protein metabolism in growing rats (1989) Revista Española de Fisiologia, 45 (SUPPL.), pp. 55-60Granlund, L., Trans10, cis12-conjugated linoleic acid prevents triacylglycerol accumulation in adipocytes by acting as a PPARγ modulator (2003) Journal of Lipid Research, 44 (8), pp. 1441-1452Haddad, A., (1998) Técnicas básicas de microscopia eletrônica aplicadas às ciências biológicas, , Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira de MicroscopiaHoek, B.V., Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A brief review (2004) Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 39 (SUPPL.), pp. 56-59Kang, K., Trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibits differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and decreases PPARγ expression (2003) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 303 (3), pp. 795-799Lavine, J.E., Vitamin E treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: A pilot study (2000) Journal of Pediatrics, 136 (6), pp. 734-738Ludwig, J., Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mayo Clinic experience with a hitherto unnamed disease (1980) Mayo Clinic Procedings, 55 (7), pp. 434-438McArulla, M.T., Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on liver composition and fatty acid oxidation are isomer-dependent in hamster (2005) Nutrition, 21 (4), pp. 512-519Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARα (1999) Journal Lipid Research, 40 (8), pp. 1426-1433Oustrowska, E., Milk conjugated linoleic and trans-vaccenic acids are highest in Spring in grazing cows (2004) Asian Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 13 (SUPPL.), pp. S53Pariza, M.W., Effects of temperature and time on mutagen formation in pan-fried hamburger (1979) Cancer Letter, 7 (2-3), p. 63Pariza, M.W., Hargraves, W.A., A beef-derived mutagenesis modulator inhibits initiation of mouse epidermal tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (1985) Carcinogenesis, 6 (4), p. 591Parodi, P.W., Conjugated octadecadienoic acids of milk fat (1977) Journal of Dairy Science, 60 (10), pp. 1550-1553Reeves, P.G., Nielsen, F.H., Fahey Jr., G.C., AIN-93 Purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet (1993) Journal of Nutrition, 123 (11), pp. 1939-1951Risérus, U., Effects of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflamatory markers in obese men (2004) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80 (2), pp. 279-283Salas-Salvadó, J., Marquez-Sandoval, F., Bulló, M., Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans: A systematic review focusing on its effects on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism (2006) Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritio, 46 (6), pp. 479-488Santos-Zago, L.F., Botelho, A.P., Oliveira, A.C., Supplementation with commercial mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid in association with vitamin E and the process of lipid autoxidation in rats (2007) Lipids, 42 (9), pp. 845-854Sato, S., Ultrastructural and morphometric studies of normal rat hepatocytes (2004) Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 36 (2), pp. 131-140Sehat, N., Identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in cheese by gas chromatography, silver ion high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectral reconstructed ion profiles. Comparison of chromatographic elution sequences (1998) Lipids, 33 (10), pp. 963-971(2003) Institute Project for Windows: User's guide: Statistics, , STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM-SAS, Version 8.0. Cary: USA instVidela, L.A., Oxidative stress-related parameters in the liver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients (2004) Clinical Science, 106 (3), pp. 261-268Yamasaki, M., Effect of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Lipid Peroxidation and Histological Change in Rat Liver Tissues (2000) Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 48 (12), pp. 6367-637

In Vitro Activity Of Artemisia Annua L (asteraceae) Extracts Against Rhipicephalus (boophilus) Microplus [atividade In Vitro De Extratos De Artemisia Annua L (asteraceae) Sobre Rhipicephalus (boophilus) Microplus]

The activity of plant extracts on parasites may indicate groups of substances that are potentially useful for controlling Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro action of Artemisia annua extracts on this tick. The concentrations of the sesquiterpene lactones artemisinin and deoxyartemisinin present in plant extracts were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography. Four extracts produced from the concentrated crude extract (CCE) were evaluated on larvae using the impregnated paper method, with readings after 24 hours of incubation. The engorged females were immersed in the CCE and in its four derived extracts for five minutes, with incubation for subsequent analysis of biological parameters. The extracts were not effective on the larvae at the concentrations tested (3.1 to 50 mg.mL-1). The CCE showed greater efficacy on engorged females (EC50 of 130.6 mg.mL-1 and EC90 of 302.9 mg.mL-1) than did the derived extracts. These results tend to confirm that the action of artemisinin on engorged females of R. (B.) microplus is conditional to their blood intake. In this case, in vitro methods would be inadequate for effective evaluation of the action of A. annua on R. (B.) microplus.2013135Amaral, N.K., Guidelines for the evaluation of ixodicides against the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) (1993) Revista Brasileira De Parasitologia Veterinária, 2 (2), pp. 144-151(2009) Anuário Da Pecuária Brasileira, p. 360. , ANUALPEC, Sao Paulo: Angra FNP PesquisasBorges, L.M.F., Acao do extrato hexanico de frutos maduros de Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) sobre Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) em bezerros infestados artificialmente (2005) Revista De Patologia Tropical, 34 (1), pp. 53-59Cala, A.C., (2010) Avaliação Da Atividade De Artemisia Annua L., Melia Azedarach L. E Trichilia Claussenii C. Sobre Nematódeos Gastrintestinais De Ovinos, p. 64. , Dissertacao (Mestrado)- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias, JaboticabalCeleghini, R.M.S., Desenvolvimento e validacao de metodologia analitica por CLAE-IR para determinacao de artemisinina em Artemisia annua L (2009) Química Nova, 32 (4), pp. 875-878Chagas, A.C.S., Efeito acaricida de oleos essenciais e concentrados emulsionaveis de Eucalyptus em Boophilus microplus (2002) Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 39 (5), pp. 247-253Chagas, A.C.S., Sensibilidade do carrapato Boophilus microplus a solventes (2003) Ciência Rural, 33 (1), pp. 109-114Creek, D.J., Kinetics of ironmediated artemisinin degradation:Effect of solvent composition and iron salt (2005) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 94 (8), pp. 1820-1829Drummond, R.O., Boophilus annulatus and B. Microplus: Laboratory tests of insecticides (1973) Journal of Economic Entomology, 66 (1), pp. 130-133Ekanem, A.P., Brisibe, E.A., Effects of ethanol extract of Artemisia annua L. Against monogenean parasites of Heterobranchus longifilis (2010) Parasitology Research, 106 (5), pp. 1135-1139Fernandes, F.F., Freitas, E.P.S., Acaricidal activity of an oleoresinous extract from Copaifera reticulata (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae against larvae of the southern cattle tick, Riphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari:Ixodidae) (2007) Veterinary Parasitology, 147 (1-2), pp. 150-154Ferreira, J.F.S., Agrotechnological aspects of the anti-malarial plant Artemisia annua and its potential use in animal health in Appalachia (2006) International Symposium on Perfume, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, (2-4), pp. 797-804. , Revue de Regions Arides - Numero special - Actes du seminaire international les Plants a Parfum, Aromatiques et Medicinales (English version: International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry AreasFerreira, J.F.S., Nutrient Deficiency in the Production of Artemisinin, Dihydroartemisinic Acid, and Artemisinic Acid in Artemisia annua L (2007) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55 (5), pp. 1686-1694Ferreira, J.F.S., Gonzalez, J.M., Chemical and biological stability of artemisinin in bovine rumen fluid and its kinetics in goats (Capra hircus) (2008) Revista Brasileira De Parasitologia Veterinária, 17 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 103-109Furlong, J., O carrapato dos bovinos e a resistencia: Temos o que comemorar? (2007) A Hora Veterinária, 159, pp. 26-32Grisi, L., Impacto economico das principais ectoparasitoses em bovinos no Brasil (2002) A Hora Veterinária, 21 (125), pp. 8-10Heimerdinger, A., Extrato alcoolico de Capim-cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus) no controle do Boophilus microplus em bovinos (2006) Revista Brasileira De Parasitologia Veterinária, 15 (1), pp. 37-39Idris, U.A., Adam, S.E., Tartour, G., The anthelmintic efficacy of Artemisia herba-alba against Haemonchus contortus infection in goats (1982) Animal Health Quarterly, 22 (3), pp. 138-143Iqbal, Z., Anthelmintic activity of Artemisia brevifolia in sheep (2004) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93 (2), pp. 265-268Keiser, J., Artesunate and artemether are effective fasciolicides in the rat model and in vitro (2006) Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 57 (6), pp. 1139-1145Keiser, J., Efficacy and safety of artemether against a natural Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep (2008) Parasitology Research, 103 (3), pp. 517-522Keiser, J., Utzinger, J., Food-borne trematodiasis: Current chemotherapy and advances with artemisinins and synthetic trioxolanes (2007) Trends In Parasitology, 23 (11), pp. 555-562Klayman, D.L., Qinghaosu (Artemisinin): Na antimalarial drug from China (1985) Science, 228 (4703), pp. 1049-1055La-Scalea, M.A., Silva, H.S.R.C., Ferreira, E., Reducao voltametrica de artemisinina e sua interacao com grupo heme (hemina) (2007) Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 43 (3), pp. 371-383Martins, R.M., Estudio in vitro de la accion acaricida del aceite esencial de la graminea Citronela de Java (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) en la garrapata Boophilus microplus (2006) Revista Brasileira De Plantas Medicinais De Botucatu, 8 (2), pp. 71-78Meshnick, S.R., Second-generation antimamalarial endoperoxides (1996) Parasitology Today, 12 (2), pp. 79-82Ribeiro, V.L.S., Acaricidal properties of extracts from the aerial parts of Hypericum polyanthemum on the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (2007) Veterinary Parasitology, 147 (1-2), pp. 199-203Rodrigues, R.A.F., Otimizacao do processo de extracao e isolamento do antimalarico artemisinina a partir de Artemisia annua L (2006) Química Nova, 29 (2), pp. 368-372Silva, H.S.R.C., (2006) Antimaláricos Potenciais: Pró-fármacos Poliméricos E Formas De Liberação Controlada De Artemisinina, p. 209. , Tese (Doutorado)-Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao PauloSimoes, C.M., (2004) Farmacognosia: Da Planta Ao Medicamento, p. 1102. , 5. ed. Porto Alegre: Editora da UFRGSFlorianopolis: Editora da UFSCTaranto, A.G., Estudo sobre o mecanismo de acao da artemisinina e dos endoperoxidos, a mais nova classe de agents antimalaricos (2006) Sitientibus, 34, pp. 47-58Tariq, K.A., Anthelmintic activity of extracts of Artemisia absinthium against ovine nematodes (2009) Veterinary Parasitology, 160 (1-2), pp. 83-8

Repeated exposure to Lutzomyia intermedia sand fly saliva induces local expression of interferon-inducible genes both at the site of injection in mice and in human blood.

During a blood meal, Lutzomyia intermedia sand flies transmit Leishmania braziliensis, a parasite causing tegumentary leishmaniasis. In experimental leishmaniasis, pre-exposure to saliva of most blood-feeding sand flies results in parasite establishment in absence of any skin damages in mice challenged with dermotropic Leishmania species together with saliva. In contrast, pre-immunization with Lu. intermedia salivary gland sonicate (SGS) results in enhanced skin inflammatory exacerbation upon co-inoculation of Lu. intermedia SGS and L. braziliensis. These data highlight potential unique features of both L. braziliensis and Lu. intermedia. In this study, we investigated the genes modulated by Lu. intermedia SGS immunization to understand their potential impact on the subsequent cutaneous immune response following inoculation of both SGS and L. braziliensis. The cellular recruitment and global gene expression profile was analyzed in mice repeatedly inoculated or not with Lu. intermedia. Microarray gene analysis revealed the upregulation of a distinct set of IFN-inducible genes, an immune signature not seen to the same extent in control animals. Of note this INF-inducible gene set was not induced in SGS pre-immunized mice subsequently co-inoculated with SGS and L. braziliensis. These data suggest the parasite prevented the upregulation of this Lu. intermedia saliva-related immune signature. The presence of these IFN-inducible genes was further analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) sampled from uninfected human individuals living in a L. braziliensis-endemic region of Brazil thus regularly exposed to Lu. intermedia bites. PBMCs were cultured in presence or absence of Lu. intermedia SGS. Using qRT-PCR we established that the IFN-inducible genes induced in the skin of SGS pre-immunized mice, were also upregulated by SGS in PBMCs from human individuals regularly exposed to Lu. intermedia bites, but not in PBMCs of control subjects. These data demonstrate that repeated exposure to Lu. intermedia SGS induces the expression of potentially host-protective IFN-inducible genes