Short-term salivary acetaldehyde increase due to direct exposure to alcoholic beverages as an additional cancer risk factor beyond ethanol metabolism

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An increasing body of evidence now implicates acetaldehyde as a major underlying factor for the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages and especially for oesophageal and oral cancer. Acetaldehyde associated with alcohol consumption is regarded as 'carcinogenic to humans' (IARC Group 1), with sufficient evidence available for the oesophagus, head and neck as sites of carcinogenicity. At present, research into the mechanistic aspects of acetaldehyde-related oral cancer has been focused on salivary acetaldehyde that is formed either from ethanol metabolism in the epithelia or from microbial oxidation of ethanol by the oral microflora. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of the acetaldehyde that is found as a component of alcoholic beverages as an additional factor in the aetiology of oral cancer.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Salivary acetaldehyde levels were determined in the context of sensory analysis of different alcoholic beverages (beer, cider, wine, sherry, vodka, calvados, grape marc spirit, tequila, cherry spirit), without swallowing, to exclude systemic ethanol metabolism.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The rinsing of the mouth for 30 seconds with an alcoholic beverage is able to increase salivary acetaldehyde above levels previously judged to be carcinogenic in vitro, with levels up to 1000 μM in cases of beverages with extreme acetaldehyde content. In general, the highest salivary acetaldehyde concentration was found in all cases in the saliva 30 sec after using the beverages (average 353 μM). The average concentration then decreased at the 2-min (156 μM), 5-min (76 μM) and 10-min (40 μM) sampling points. The salivary acetaldehyde concentration depends primarily on the direct ingestion of acetaldehyde contained in the beverages at the 30-sec sampling, while the influence of the metabolic formation from ethanol becomes the major factor at the 2-min sampling point.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study offers a plausible mechanism to explain the increased risk for oral cancer associated with high acetaldehyde concentrations in certain beverages.</p

Quality Monitoring and Authenticity Assessment of Wines: Analytical and Chemometric Methods

This chapter introduces the most relevant concepts about wine field, including terroir, manufacturing process and the Wine Protected Designation as a way ofauthentication. Contents of molecular organic acids, volatile species, polyphenols, amino acids, biogenic amines and inorganic species seem to depend on climatic, agricultural and wine-making factors. As result, compositional profiles of this beverage can be exploited as potential descriptors of wine quality and authenticity. Thus, a brief introduction about the chemical composition of wine is presented. The different analytical methods usednowadays for wine quality control are exposed. Furthermore, since most characterization studies are based on chemometrics to facilitate extraction of information, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and related as well as pattern recognitions methods currently used for discrimination and classification are also explained. The potential of combining different analytical techniques and chemometric methods provides differenttools to be used by the wine industry to authenticate wines and define ProtectedDesignation of Origin.Fil: Canizo, Brenda Vanina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Escudero, Leticia Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Pellerano, Roberto Gerardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Wuilloud, Rodolfo German. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; Argentin

MS- and NMR-metabolomic tools for the discrimination of wines: Applications for authenticity

Wine is an extremely sophisticated chemical matrix in which the harmonious equilibria between many components (alcohols, acids, aromas, polyphenols, etc.) determine its final quality and value. The study of wine composition by metabolomic tools, referred as Wineomics, has emerged as a revolutionary approach to unravel the chemical space of wines and to associate wine composition with important viticultural and enological traits including grape variety, geographical origin, terroir or typicity. One of the most promising applications of metabolomic tools for wine analysis is the study of wine traceability and authenticity, a major issue for the wine industry and consumers. These studies are extremely complex, because counterfeits are becoming more sophisticated and they require powerful techniques capable to detect subtle differences between wines. In this chapter, we describe the targeted and untargeted approaches by Mass and NMR spectrometry-based metabolomics as well as some recent examples of their abilities in wine authenticity studies