Future development scenarios for adaptation to climate change in the Ci Kapundung upper water catchment area, Bandung Basin, Indonesia

Landscape change in the Ci Kapundung upper water catchment area over recent decades has increased the volume of rainfall runoff, increasing the incidence of flooding in the Bandung Basin. At the same time, climate change affects rainfall variability in Indonesia, causing higher frequencies of extreme rainfall and drought in almost all regions of the country. This study develops and assesses four scenarios for the future spatial plan in the catchment area, which is part of a research project on flood risk in the Bandung Basin. The scenarios were created based on recent land use changes within the area, current spatial policies, ecological design principles, and the geodesign framework. All scenarios were simulated using Land Change Modeler (LCM), which applies a combined cellular automata and Markov model (CA-Markov), and a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, to project future landscape forms for 2030. In this simulation, the results were assessed to see the variations of land cover composition. CA-Markov models have been widely used to predict urban growth. Modeling applications for forest cover change simulation have rarely been explored. Results from LCM show that there is no significant difference in the percentages of developed areas, mixed plant communities, and conifers in 2030 in all scenarios. However, the spatial arrangement of land cover varies with each scenario. In the first scenario, for example, the disperse settlement pattern is projected to occur in the watershed in 2030, including in the areas with steep slopes and near the rivers, whereas in other scenarios, specific areas are restricted to be built. The study suggests that further analysis of hydrological impacts of each scenario is needed to ascertain which scenario can effectively reduce flood risk

Associations between early childhood caries, malnutrition and anemia: a global perspective

Background Malnutrition is the main risk factor for most common communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between country-level prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC), malnutrition and anemia in infants and preschool children. Methods Matched country-level ECC, malnutrition and anemia prevalence were generated from databases covering the period 2000 to 2017. Multivariate general linear models were developed to assess the relationship between outcome variables (prevalence of stunting, wasting, overweight, and anemia) and the explanatory variable (ECC prevalence) adjusted for gross national income per capita. Adjusted regression coefficients (B) and partial eta squared were computed. Results The mean (standard deviation (SD)) ECC prevalence was 23.8 (14.8)% for 0-2 year-olds and 57.3 (22.4)% for 3-5-year-olds. The mean (SD) prevalence of wasting was 6.3 (4.8)%, overweight 7.2 (4.9)%, stunting 24.3 (13.5)%, and anemia 37.8 (18.1)%. For 0-2-year-olds, the strongest and only significant association was between the prevalence of ECC and overweight (eta 2 = 0.21): 1 % higher ECC prevalence was associated with 0.12% higher prevalence of overweight (B = 0.12, P = 0.03). In 3-5-year-olds, the strongest and only significant association was between the prevalence of ECC and anemia (eta 2 = 0.08): 1 % higher prevalence of ECC was associated with 0.14% lower prevalence of anemia (B = - 0.14, P = 0.048). Conclusion Country-level prevalence of ECC was associated with malnutrition in 0-2-year-olds and with anemia in 3-5-year-olds. The pathway for the direct relationship between ECC and overweight may be diet related. The pathway for the inverse relationship between ECC and anemia is less clear and needs further investigations

An iterative landscape planning process for sustaining flood regulation in the Ci Kapundung upper water catchment area, Bandung Basin, Indonesia

Simulations and modelling are often used in many studies to assess and visualise the effects of landscape changes on environment. However, only a few studies have been conducted to assess landscape interventions to sustain ecosystem services, including hydrological processes. This paper presents an iterative and interactive process to generate landscape planning for the Ci Kapundung upper water catchment area, Bandung Basin, Indonesia, based on two development scenarios. The land change model was coupled with a hydrological model to assess the influence of land cover changes on flood risk in Bandung Basin. The result shows that the overland flow at three observation points is affected by the land cover, topography, and soil properties. Outputs from the iterative hydrologic simulations suggested that conifers could be planted in the proposed river buffers in the case study area to reduce the volume of runoff flowing to the Ci Kapundung River

Women's economic empowerment, participation in decision-making and exposure to violence as risk indicators for early childhood caries

Objectives In view of the association between early childhood caries (ECC])and maternal social risk factors, this study tried to determine if there were associations between indicators of processes, outputs and outcomes of women's empowerment, and the prevalence of ECC. Methods In this ecological study, indicators measuring the explanatory variables - economic empowerment, decision-making and violence against women - were selected from the Integrated Results and Resources Framework of the UN-Women Strategic Plan 2018-2021 and WHO database. Indicators measuring the outcome variables - the prevalence of ECC for children aged 0 to 2 years, and 3 to 5 years - were extracted from a published literature. The general linear models used to determine the association between the outcome and explanatory variables were adjusted for economic level of countries. Regression estimates (B), 95% confidence intervals and partial eta squared (eta(2)) were calculated. Results Countries with more females living under 50% of median income had higher prevalence of ECC for 3 to 5-year olds (B = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.12, 3.52). Countries with higher percentage of women participating in their own health care decisions had higher prevalence of ECC for 0 to 2-year-olds (B = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.03, 1.67). Countries with higher percentage of women participating in decisions related to visiting family, relatives and friends had higher prevalence of ECC for 3 to 5-year-olds (B = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.03, 1.32). None of the indicators for violence against women was significantly associated with the prevalence of ECC. Conclusion Empowerment of women is a welcome social development that may have some negative impact on children's oral health. Changes in policies and norms are needed to protect children's oral health while empowering women

Calibração da técnica de Time Domain Reflectometry (TRD) para avaliação da umidade do solo, em um Latossolo Amarelo, textura muito argilosa, com diferentes valores de densidade aparente do solo - avaliação no campo.

Avaliação de umidade volumetrica do solo pela técnica de time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) para Latossolo Amarelo (Xanthic ferralsol - FAO) textura muito argilosa, com diferentes valores de p. Foram determinados os coeficientes de determinacao ajustada (R2) e o erro padrao da media. Realizou-se um ajuste por regressao multipla para P e E, selecionando-se as variaveis que contribuiam significativamente para o modelo por procedimentos de selecao stepwise. Como a variacao dos valores de p esta diretamente relacionada ao uso do solo (especie presente e o manejo praticado), foram observadas importantes diferencas entre as P das areas cultivadas e as da floresta primaria. Os valores reduzidos de P proxima as plantas de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) em relacao as outras especies cultivadas (cupuaçu, Theobroma grandiflorum Schum) e Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides), e devido a uma elaborada trama de elevada massa de suas raizes na superficie do solo, nao permitindo haver espacos porosos. É importante o conhecimento das diferentes propriedadesdo solo que podem interferir na avaliacao de TDR, atraves dos quais e' possivel evitar ou controlar essas interferencias atraves da calibracao do campo.bitstream/item/180989/1/ID-3384-53-71.pdfAnnual Report 1996

Spatially organizing future genders: an artistic intervention in the creation of a hir-toilet

Toilets, a neglected facility in the study of human relations at work and beyond, have become increasingly important in discussions about future experiences of gender diversity. To further investigate the spatial production of gender and its potential expressions, we transformed a unisex single-occupancy toilet at Uppsala University into an all-gender or ‘hir-toilet’.1 With the aim to disrupt and expose the dominant spatial organization of the two binary genders, we inaugurated the hir-toilet with the help of a performance artist. We describe and analyse internal and external responses thereto, using Lefebvre’s work on dialectics and space. Focusing on how space is variously lived, conceived and perceived, our analysis questions the very rationale of gender categorizations. The results contribute to a renewed critique of binary thinking in the organization of workplaces by extending our understanding of how space and human relations mutually constitute each other

Standards for European training requirements in interventional neuroradiology: Guidelines by the Division of Neuroradiology/Section of Radiology European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS), in cooperation with the Division of Interventional Radiology/UEMS, the European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR), and the European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT)

This document sets out standards for training in Interventional Neuroradiology (INR) in Europe. These standards have been developed by a working group of the European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR) and the European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT) on the initiative and under the umbrella of the Division of Neuroradiology/Section of Radiology of the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS)

Association between early childhood caries and poverty in low and middle income countries

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between early childhood caries (ECC) in 3–5-year-old children, seven indicators of poverty and the indicator of monetary poverty in low- and middle-income countries (LICs, MICs). Methods: This ecologic study utilized 2007 to 2017 country-level data for LICs and MICs. Explanatory variables were seven indicators of poverty namely food, water, sanitation, health, shelter, access to information, education; and monetary poverty. The outcome variable was the percentage of 3–5-year-old children with ECC. A series of univariate general linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between the percentage of 3–5 year-old children with ECC and each of the seven indicators of poverty, and monetary poverty. This was followed by multivariable regression models to determined the combined effect of the seven indicators of poverty, as well as the combined effect of the seven indicators of poverty and monetary poverty. Adjusted R2 measured models’ ability to explain the variation among LICs and MICs in the percentage of 3–5-year-old children with ECC. Results: Significantly more people had food, sanitation, shelter, access to information, education and monetary poverty in LICs than in MICs. There was no difference in the prevalence of ECC in 3–5-year-old children between LICs and MICs. The combination of the seven indicators of poverty explained 15% of the variation in the percentage of 3–5-year-old children with ECC compared to 1% explained by monetary poverty. When the seven indicators of poverty and the indicator for monetary poverty were combined, the amount of variation explained by them was 10%. Only two of the poverty indicators had a direct relationship with the percentage of children with ECC; there was a higher percentage of ECC in countries with higher percentage of population living in slums (B = 0.35) and in those countries with higher percentage of the population living below poverty lines (B = 0.19). The other indicators had an inverse relationship. Conclusion: The use of multiple indicators to measures of poverty explained greater amount of variation in the percentage of 3–5-year-olds with ECC in LICs and MICs than using only the indicator for monetary poverty.publishedVersio