A reforma da Administração Pública Central no Portugal democrático: do período pós-revolucionário à intervenção da troika

Ultrapassado o período-pós revolucionário, ao longo das últimas décadas, as tendências de reforma administrativa em Portugal acompanharam aquilo que se passava no resto da Europa. Independentemente das idiossincrasias e das incoerências observadas, ao longo dos últimos 20 anos, o processo reformista foi marcado pela introdução das privatizações, da empresarialização da lógica administrativa, das tentativas de desburocratização e transparência na relação entre a administração e os cidadãos, da convergência de regimes laborais e da restruturação da Administração Pública Central. A partir de 2011, na sequência da assinatura do Memorando de Entendimento entre o governo português e a troika, a reforma restringiu-se essencialmente à aplicação de medidas avulsas que visaram sobretudo a redução dos custos da despesa pública. Não existindo para já referências teóricas científicas analíticas sobre a matéria tratada, o artigo apresenta uma abordagem descritiva e exploratória

The role of mobile policies in coalition building : the Barcelona model as coalition magnet in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro (1989-1996)

Research on policy mobility has tended to focus on what moves (e.g. policy models, templates) and who moves them (e.g. consultants, international organizations) with less attention paid to the relational politics of grounding dominant ideas in local policy making. The ‘demand side’ at the end of the mobilization process (e.g. local authorities and policy actors) is usually depicted as passive or as having stable interests. This assumption is problematic as it can reinforce taken for granted power asymmetries in the flow of urban policy ideas, particularly in cases where cities in the Global North are presented as ‘exporting sites’ for a Global South audience of ‘importing sites’. Drawing on the concept of policy ideas as ‘coalition magnets’ from policy studies, this paper demonstrates how local policies are relationally produced by cosmopolitan policy actors on the ‘demand side’ who strategically mobilize circulating ideas as a tool for coalition building. We provide a relational comparative study of Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro’s policy processes and urban outcomes in mobilizing the Barcelona model of urban regeneration and strategic planning drawing on evidence from interviews, document analysis, and the biographies of key policy actors. It demonstrates the strategic importance of mobile policies for emerging political actors who employ them as a ‘coalition magnet’ to build support for their governments

Voter Buying: Shaping the Electorate through Clientelism

Studies of clientelism typically assume that political machines distribute rewards to persuade or mobilize the existing electorate. We argue that rewards not only influence actions of the electorate, but can also shape its composition. Across the world, machines employ “voter buying” to import outsiders into their districts. Voter buying demonstrates how clientelism can underpin electoral fraud, and it offers an explanation of why machines deliver rewards when they cannot monitor vote choices. Our analyses suggest that voter buying dramatically influences municipal elections in Brazil. A regression discontinuity design suggests that voter audits—which undermined voter buying—decreased the electorate by 12 percentage points and reduced the likelihood of mayoral reelection by 18 percentage points. Consistent with voter buying, these effects are significantly greater in municipalities with large voter inflows, and where neighboring municipalities had large voter outflows. Findings are robust to an alternative research design using a different data set

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Clindamycin microbial resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus sp. derived from blood cultures of hospitalized patients Clindamycin microbial resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus sp. derived from blood cultures of hospitalized patien

aBStraCt Introduction: Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have become common in hospitals, and this resistance has limited patients' treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics. Clindamycin is an important therapeutic agent for MRSA infections; however, inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS B ) resistance (iMLS B ) has resulted in therapeutic failures with the use of this antimicrobial, with a consequent increase in patient mortality and length of stay. Objective: This study was carried out in order to detect phenotypes of inducible and constitutive resistance to clindamycin in blood culture samples of Staphylococcus sp. from hospitalized patients. Material and methods: A hundred bacterial samples from blood cultures of adult patients were evaluated, identified by conventional phenotypic tests, and subject to determination of susceptibility and resistance profiles with cefoxitin, erythromycin, and clindamycin discs; and to phenotypic evaluation of iMLS B resistance using the D-test. The results were interpreted in accordance with the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2014. Results: In this study, 65% of 60 bacterial strains were susceptible to cefoxitin and 35%, resistant. The constitutive MLS B (cMLS B ) resistance phenotype was observed in 15.56% of the methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) samples, 33.33% of methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MSCONS), 26.67% of MRSA and 20% of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCONS), while iMLS B resistance was observed only in strains susceptible to cefoxitin, corresponding to 80% in MSSA and 20% in MSCONS. Conclusion: The D-test is a key test for the constant monitoring of the inducible resistance phenotype (which may impair the effectiveness of treatment with clindamycin), minimizing potential medication errors and adverse clinical outcomes