Comparison of the effect of biological formulations containing Metarhizium anisopliae on Hyalomma ticks

زمینه و هدف: قارچ های جنس متارایزیوم به طور فزاینده ای در فرمول های تجاری در برابر حشرات استفاده می شو ن د. ولی در مطالعات تجربی اثر ضد کنه ای آنها کمتر بررسی شده است. با توسعه مقاومت کنه ها به کنه کش ها و آگاهی ما از اینکه مواد شیمیایی برای محیط زیست مضر هستند، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی استفاده از 4 فرمولاسیون مختلف از قارچ متارایزیوم آنیزوپیله برای مبارزه با کنه هیالوما انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی، 4 فرمولاسیون مختلف شامل: 1) آب مقطر با 2/0 درصد توئین و متارایزیوم آنیزوپیله ، 2) آب مقطر با 10 درصد روغن پنبه دانه، 01/0 درصد ساکارز با 2/0 درصد توئین و متارایزیوم آنیزوپیله ، 3) آب مقطر با 10 درصد پارافین مایع، 01/0 درصد ساکارز با 2/0 درصد توئین و متارایزیوم آنیزوپیله ، 4) آب مقطر (شاهد) استفاده گردید. چهار فرمولاسیون تهیه شده روی بدن 128 کنه بالغ در چهار گروه در شرایط یکسان پاشیده شد. پس از پاشش فرمولاسیون ها، تعداد کنه مرده در روزهای بعد شمارش شدند. تاثیر تیمار ها بر مرگ و میر کنه ها با استفاده از آنالیز بقاء برای زمان بررسی شد. یافته ها : گرچه اثر فرمولاسیون های آب، پارافین مایع و روغن پنبه دانه با قارچ متارایزیوم آنیزوپیله، از نظر آماری با همدیگر اختلاف معنی داری نداشتند، لیکن اثر فرمولاسیون روغن پنبه دانه بهتر بود. بین اثر فرمولاسیون های حاوی قارچ و فرمولاسیون فاقد قارچ (شاهد) اختلاف آماری معنی داری مشاهده گردید ( P <0.05 ). نتیجه گیری: برای از بین بردن کنه هیالوما روی بدن دام ها، به جای استفاده از سموم و مواد شیمیایی می توان سوسپانسیون روغن پنبه دانه حاوی قارچ متارایزیوم آنیزوپیله را مورد استفاده قرار داد بدون اینکه ضرری برای محیط زیست، دامها و انسان داشته باشد. با این حال تحقیقات بیشتری در این خصوص توصیه می گردد

Pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade in critical care patients with covid-19; telemedicine�s role in developing countries: Case reports and literature review

Introduction: In this study, two cases that demonstrate the importance of bedside echocardiography and hands-off telemedicine technology for diagnosis and intervention in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are discussed. Case Presentation: We report two cases of cardiac emergency associated with COVID-19. Case 1 is a 50-year-old female patient with chronic hypertension and chronic renal failure. Case 2 is a 64-year-old female with atrial fibrillation and recent stroke. Both were admitted to an isolation intensive care unit that was designated specifically to patients with COVID-19. Conclusions: During admission, both patients had sudden deterioration characterized by oxygen desaturation and hypotension necessitating inotropic support. As a result, for both patients, bedside echocardiography was performed by the attending inten-sivist. Echocardiographic findings showed cardiac tamponade and acute pulmonary embolism, respectively, which were confirmed by a cardiologist through telemedicine technology. Proper emergency management was initiated, and both patients recovered well. Limited bedside transthoracic echocardiography had a front-line impact on the treatment and outcome of the two patients with COVID-19. By implementing telemedicine technology, the lives of two patients were saved, demonstrating the significance of telemedicine in isolation intensive care units in the developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2021, Author(s)

Landscape dynamics and diversification of the megadiverse South American freshwater fish fauna

Landscape dynamics are widely thought to govern the tempo and mode of continental radiations, yet the effects of river network rearrangements on dispersal and lineage diversification remain poorly understood. We integrated an unprecedented occurrence dataset of 4,967 species with a newly compiled, time-calibrated phylogeny of South American freshwater fishes—the most species-rich continental vertebrate fauna on Earth—to track the evolutionary processes associated with hydrogeographic events over 100 Ma. Net lineage diversification was heterogeneous through time, across space, and among clades. Five abrupt shifts in net diversification rates occurred during the Paleogene and Miocene (between 30 and 7 Ma) in association with major landscape evolution events. Net diversification accelerated from the Miocene to the Recent (c. 20 to 0 Ma), with Western Amazonia having the highest rates of in situ diversification, which led to it being an important source of species dispersing to other regions. All regional biotic interchanges were associated with documented hydrogeographic events and the formation of biogeographic corridors, including the Early Miocene (c. 23 to 16 Ma) uplift of the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira and the Late Miocene (c. 10 Ma) uplift of the Northern Andes and associated formation of the modern transcontinental Amazon River. The combination of high diversification rates and extensive biotic interchange associated with Western Amazonia yielded its extraordinary contemporary richness and phylogenetic endemism. Our results support the hypothesis that landscape dynamics, which shaped the history of drainage basin connections, strongly affected the assembly and diversification of basin-wide fish fauna

RNA Methylation by the MIS Complex Regulates a Cell Fate Decision in Yeast

For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nutrient limitation is a key developmental signal causing diploid cells to switch from yeast-form budding to either foraging pseudohyphal (PH) growth or meiosis and sporulation. Prolonged starvation leads to lineage restriction, such that cells exiting meiotic prophase are committed to complete sporulation even if nutrients are restored. Here, we have identified an earlier commitment point in the starvation program. After this point, cells, returned to nutrient-rich medium, entered a form of synchronous PH development that was morphologically and genetically indistinguishable from starvation-induced PH growth. We show that lineage restriction during this time was, in part, dependent on the mRNA methyltransferase activity of Ime4, which played separable roles in meiotic induction and suppression of the PH program. Normal levels of meiotic mRNA methylation required the catalytic domain of Ime4, as well as two meiotic proteins, Mum2 and Slz1, which interacted and co-immunoprecipitated with Ime4. This MIS complex (Mum2, Ime4, and Slz1) functioned in both starvation pathways. Together, our results support the notion that the yeast starvation response is an extended process that progressively restricts cell fate and reveal a broad role of post-transcriptional RNA methylation in these decisions