The Spatial Distribution and Origins of Sandstone Monoliths in the Swauk Watershed, Kittitas County, WA

Large groups of gigantic sandstone and conglomerate monoliths populate the Swauk Watershed of northern Kittitas County. These monoliths rest on side slopes in the watershed and distinctively project from their surroundings. The origins of these features are unknown. We studied these monoliths in the field by mapping their spatial distribution, describing their morphology and composition, and measuring their orientation and sizes in order to determine their origins. We used Google Earth and topographic maps to locate the monoliths and map their distribution. Interpretations were based from field work data and past research. Our field results show commonalities between the features related to overall structure, composition, and geomorphology. All monoliths studied were associated with dipping strata. Dip slopes are gently sloping while anti-dip slopes are much steeper. The monoliths also have distinct and traceable conglomerate layers that are highly resistant to erosion, as well as thick sandstone layers and some smaller pebble layers. These features also share similar geomorphology: they are surrounded by channels; fresh surfaces are lichen-free; honeycomb weathering and overhangs dominate the anti-dip slopes; and prominent vertically aligned jointing parallels the dipping beds. These results indicate that geologic composition and structure play a significant role in the initial shaping of these landforms. Differential weathering, fluvial erosion, and mass movement weakened the sandstone to cause low bedrock escarpments to retreat on the slopes, which carved out vertically aligned joints. The repetitive cycle of weathering, mass movement, and stream erosion has ultimately been the cause of the isolation of the sandstone monoliths over time

Relationship between Exotic Plant Species Richness, Native Vegetation and Climate in Forest Ecosystems of Chile

In this chapter, we evaluated how native species cover, native species richness, and foliage periodicity of forests are related to exotic species richness in different forest ecosystems distributed through the Mediterranean-type and temperate climate regions of Chile. We compiled published and unpublished data on Chilean vegetation (mainly phytosociological studies) located between 30º and 41º S in which plant species composition and abundance (percentage of cover) per plot was evaluated and published. When all forests were analysed together, we found that exotic species richness was not significantly related to native species richness; it was negatively related to native species cover in both Mediterranean and temperate climatic regions and was greater in deciduous than evergreen forests, although only in the temperate region. In an analysis considering separately every forest type, we observed that only in 50% of these communities, exotic species richness was negatively related to native species cover. Furthermore, in 25% of forest types, exotic species richness was negatively related to native species richness, and in only one forest type, this relationship was positive. Our results suggest that native species produce some resistance against invasion of exotic plants, but this effect may depend on climate and forest type

Generation of optimal trajectories for Earth hybrid pole sitters

A pole-sitter orbit is a closed path that is constantly above one of the Earth's poles, by means of continuous low thrust. This work proposes to hybridize solar sail propulsion and solar electric propulsion (SEP) on the same spacecraft, to enable such a pole-sitter orbit. Locally-optimal control laws are found with a semi-analytical inverse method, starting from a trajectory that satisfies the pole-sitter condition in the Sun-Earth circular restricted three-body problem. These solutions are subsequently used as first guess to find optimal orbits, using a direct method based on pseudospectral transcription. The orbital dynamics of both the pure SEP case and the hybrid case are investigated and compared. It is found that the hybrid spacecraft allows savings on propellant mass fraction. Finally, it is shown that for sufficiently long missions, a hybrid pole-sitter, based on mid-term technology, enables a consistent reduction in the launch mass for a given payload, with respect to a pure SEP spacecraft

Correlated photon pairs generated from a warm atomic ensemble

We present measurements of the cross-correlation function of photon pairs at 780 nm and 1367 nm, generated in a hot rubidium vapor cell. The temporal character of the biphoton is determined by the dispersive properties of the medium where the pair generation takes place. We show that short correlation times occur for optically thick samples, which can be understood in terms of off-resonant pair generation. By modifying the linear response of the sample, we produce near-resonant photon pairs, which could in principle be used for entanglement distribution

Análisis del consumo de cerveza en el área metropolitana de Monterrey: Un modelo de respuesta censurada

This study analyses the effect of household income and socioeconomic composition on household expenditure on beer. Tobit models are used in order to capture the response on the magnitude of beer purchases as well as the behavior of non-purchasing households. The results indicate, without regard to income segment, that household income and education of the household manager determine beer consumption and have a greater effect on potential consumers.

Generando h?bitos ambientales en los ni?os de 9 a 10 a?os de la fundaci?n pacto en acci?n para mejorar las relaciones que tienen con los recursos h?dricos y residuos solidos, mediante el uso de algunas estrategias did?cticas de las ciencias naturales

92 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEl presente proyecto de investigaci?n aborda la importancia de una educaci?n ambiental fundamentada en las buenas relaciones que debemos establecer con los recursos h?dricos y el buen uso que debemos darle a los residuos s?lidos. Dado que las observaciones que se realizaron en la fundaci?n Pacto en Acci?n evidencian la falta de cultura ambiental siendo notoria la indiferencia por parte de los ni?os frente a los problemas ecol?gicos. Para la presente investigaci?n partimos que la educaci?n juega un papel decisivo en la promoci?n de una ?tica medioambiental que se preocupe por el equilibrio ecol?gico, la calidad de vida y un desarrollo sostenible, a fin de hallar soluciones a los problemas medioambientales, creando espacios donde los ni?os puedan reflexionar y construir un pensamiento de cuidadores del planeta. Se tuvieron en cuenta algunos aspectos legales establecidos por la constituci?n y las diversas leyes que respaldan la educaci?n, como tambi?n la forma de crear h?bitos ambientales haciendo uso de talleres pedag?gicos y actividades que los confrontan con la degradaci?n del medioambiente, tales como salidas pedag?gicas y videos que ilustran la problem?tica ambiental que vive nuestro planeta. Palabras claves: educaci?n ambiental, h?bitos ambientales, recursos h?dricos, residuos s?lidos, estrategias did?cticas.This research project addresses the importance of environmental education based on the good relationships we must establish with water resources and the good use we should give to solid waste. Given that the observations made at the Pacto in Action foundation show the lack of environmental culture, the children's indifference to ecological problems is notorious. For the present investigation we start that education plays a decisive role in the promotion of an environmental ethics that cares about the ecological balance, the quality of life and a sustainable development, in order to find solutions to the environmental problems, creating spaces where the children can reflect and build a thought of caregivers of the planet. They took into account some legal aspects established by the constitution and the various laws that support education, as well as the way to create environmental habits by using pedagogical workshops and activities that confront them with the degradation of the environment, such as pedagogical outputs and videos that illustrate the environmental problems that our planet is experiencing. Keywords: environmental education, environmental habits, water resources, solid waste, teaching strategies

Tasa de éxito subjetivo y objetivo en pacientes operados con cinta suburetral transobturatriz: ocho años de seguimiento

Indexación: Scopus; Scielo.Antecedentes: La Incontinencia Urinaria de Esfuerzo (IOE) representa el 50% de las incontinencias urinarias en la mujer, produciendo un gran impacto en su calidad de vida. Actualmente el TOT es una de las técnicas quirúrgicas más utilizadas para su tratamiento. Objetivos: Determinar la tasa de éxito objetiva y subjetiva de las pacientes operadas por IOE e incontinencia de orina mixta (IOM) mediante TOT, y determinar la tasa de complicaciones perioperatorias. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de cohorte de 8 años de seguimiento, en el que se evaluó mediante anamnesis, examen físico y protocolos quirúrgicos la tasa de éxito objetivo y subjetivo del TOT. Resultados: La tasa de éxito objetivo y subjetivo fue 92% y 76% respectivamente. El 8,3% de las pacientes presentó alguna complicación y la tasa de exposición de malla fue de 1,2%. Conclusiones: El TOT es una excelente alternativa para el tratamiento de la IOE en el Hospital de Quilpué.http://ref.scielo.org/6tnxn

Amplia diferenciación de la empresa Erie aplicada en el simulador de negocios Capstone

En este trabajo se aborda el ejercicio de simulación de una empresa bajo un ambiente controlado a través de la herramienta de Capstone de Capsim. Se abordó el marco teórico con temas de planeación estratégica, liderazgo, modelos de negocio, entre otros, que brindan conocimiento de los conceptos, enriquecidos con análisis de situaciones reales en las empresas. Se describe la industria de sensores en la que se desarrolla el simulador de Capstone así como la definición de la planeación estratégica, su estructura organizacional y objetivos de la empresa Erie. Se plasman los resultados obtenidos durante la administración del equipo directivo de Erie de los años simulados 2022 al 2029, enfocados en las áreas de investigación y desarrollo, mercadotecnia, producción y finanzas, así como también análisis de los competidores de la industria. Se concluye con un enfoque a los resultados obtenidos en el ejercicio de simulación y reflexionando sobre la estrategia utilizada, su implementación y ajustes hechos a lo largo de los ocho años de administración.ITESO, A.C

Specific heat amplitude ratios for anisotropic Lifshitz critical behaviors

We determine the specific heat amplitude ratio near a $m$-axial Lifshitz point and show its universal character. Using a recent renormalization group picture along with new field-theoretical $\epsilon_{L}$-expansion techniques, we established this amplitude ratio at one-loop order. We estimate the numerical value of this amplitude ratio for $m=1$ and $d=3$. The result is in very good agreement with its experimental measurement on the magnetic material $MnP$. It is shown that in the limit $m \to 0$ it trivially reduces to the Ising-like amplitude ratio.Comment: 8 pages, RevTex, accepted as a Brief Report in Physical Review