El sentido de la televisión universitaria

Indexación: Revista UNA

The biochemical analysis of southern African rhinoceros populations

The drastic decline in the numbers of the five extant species of rhinoceroses world-wide, mainly as a result of poaching, have placed these species in imminent danger of extinction. This emphasizes the need to understand the relationships among the different species of rhinoceros. The advances in molecular biology have allowed the application of DNA-based genetic techniques to address a number of aspects of rhinoceros biology which have both academic interest and practical value to conservation management. There are four aspects to this study: Firstly, restriction endonuclease maps of mitochondrial DNA were constructed to estimate the time of divergence of Diceros bicornis (black rhinoceros) and Ceratotherium simum (white rhinoceros) from their common ancestor. Secondly, a population genetic study of the relationships among four subspecies of D. bicornis. Thirdly, the application of DNA fingerprinting to examine the intra- and inter-population relatedness in D. bicornis populations. Fourthly, a practical application of PCR to identify the origin of an unknown sample of DNA

Intestinal Immunity to Poliovirus Following Sequential Trivalent Inactivated Polio Vaccine/Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine and Trivalent Inactivated Polio Vaccine-only Immunization Schedules: Analysis of an Open-label, Randomized, Controlled Trial in Chilean Infants.

Background: Identifying polio vaccine regimens that can elicit robust intestinal mucosal immunity and interrupt viral transmission is a key priority of the polio endgame. Methods: In a 2013 Chilean clinical trial (NCT01841671) of trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV; targeting types 1 and 3), infants were randomized to receive IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, or IPV-IPV-IPV at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age and challenged with monovalent oral polio vaccine type 2 (mOPV2) at 28 weeks. Using fecal samples collected from 152 participants, we investigated the extent to which IPV-bOPV and IPV-only immunization schedules induced intestinal neutralizing activity and immunoglobulin A against polio types 1 and 2. Results: Overall, 37% of infants in the IPV-bOPV groups and 26% in the IPV-only arm had detectable type 2-specific stool neutralization after the primary vaccine series. In contrast, 1 challenge dose of mOPV2 induced brisk intestinal immune responses in all vaccine groups, and significant rises in type 2-specific stool neutralization titers (P < .0001) and immunoglobulin A concentrations (P < 0.0001) were measured 2 weeks after the challenge. In subsidiary analyses, duration of breastfeeding also appeared to be associated with the magnitude of polio-specific mucosal immune parameters measured in infant fecal samples. Conclusions: Taken together, these results underscore the concept that mucosal and systemic immune responses to polio are separate in their induction, functionality, and potential impacts on transmission and, specifically, provide evidence that primary vaccine regimens lacking homologous live vaccine components are likely to induce only modest, type-specific intestinal immunity

Caliciviruses and Foodborne Gastroenteritis, Chile

Human caliciviruses caused 45% of 55 gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in Santiago, Chile, during 2000–2003. Outbreaks affected ≤99 persons, occurred most commonly in the home, and were associated with seafood consumption. Thirteen outbreak strains sequenced were noroviruses, including 8 GII, 2 GI, and 3 belonging to a novel genogroup

¿Están asociadas las normas de género y la asertividad sexual?

Máster Universitario en Psicologia General SanitariaA medida que el ser humano se desarrolla, hombres y mujeres atraviesan por un proceso de aprendizaje social sobre cómo ser, sentir y pensar de acuerdo a su sexo. Así, se va construyendo un discurso dominante sobre la identidad, inevitablemente atravesada por el género. Pero ¿cómo afecta en los aspectos más privados? El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal identificar si existe una relación entre la conformidad con las normas de género y la asertividad sexual en los jóvenes. Para ello se utilizó un diseño descriptivo, correlacional y transversal. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory – 45 (CFNI-45), Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory – 46 (CMNI-46), Sexual Assertiviness Scale (SAS). Se utilizaron pruebas no paramétricas tales como la U de Mann-Whitney y correlaciones de Spearman. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron relaciones negativas estadísticamente significativas entre las puntuaciones totales de los cuestionarios de normas de género y la asertividad sexual total, se exploró qué normas de género se relacionaban directamente con iniciar la actividad sexual y comunicar las prácticas deseadas (AS-Inicio) y rechazar las no deseadas (AS-Rechazo). Se plantea la necesidad de más estudios que arrojen luz a las variables involucradas en las relaciones expuestas de cara a adoptar una perspectiva de género en salud mental.As human beings develop, both men and women undergo a process of social learning about how to be, feel and think according to their gender. A prevailing view about our identity is thus constructed, inevitably traversed by gender. But what are the impacts of this view on the most intimate parts of life? The main objective of this study is to identify if there is a relationship between compliance with gender norms and sexual assertiveness in adolescents. For this purpose, it was used a descriptive, correlational and transversal design. The Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory - 45 (CFNI-45), Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory - 46 (CMNI-46) were compiled for the survey that was administered, Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS). Nonparametric tests such as the Mann-Whitney U and Spearman correlations were used. The results obtained showed that statistically significant negative relationships were found between the total scores of the gender norms questionnaires and total sexual assertiveness. This study explores which gender norms were directly related to initiating sexual activity and communicating desired practices (AS-Start) as well as the one linked with rejecting undesired practices (AS-Rejection). Finally, the need for more studies that could shed light on the variables involved in the relationships examined is affirmed, in order to adopt a gender perspective in mental health

Manipulation of squeezed light in a one-dimensional topological system

Durante el siglo XX, se evidenciaron las limitaciones de la física clásica. Esta nos brinda una comprensión adecuada del mundo cotidiano, pero se queda corta al intentar describir fenómenos en escalas extremadamente grandes o diminutas. Es aquí donde entra en juego la física cuántica, que se encarga de describir la naturaleza a niveles atómicos y subatómicos. En este dominio emergen propiedades cuánticas únicas, las cuales posibilitan fenómenos y tecnologías sin paralelo en el ámbito clásico. En los últimos años, los creciente avances tecnológicos en el control y uso de propiedades cuánticas muestran la posibilidad futura de crear, propagar y usar de forma confiable y escalable los sistemas cuánticos. Un ejemplo de tecnología actual que utiliza propiedades cuánticas es el estado comprimido del campo electromagnético (squeezed state), que permite aumentar la precisión en una cuadratura del campo a costa de perder en la cuadratura ortogonal. Han sido principalmente utilizados en metrología [1], más famosamente en la detección de ondas gravitacionales [2], y en la computación cuántica [3]. Entre los sistemas para propagar luz, se encuentran las guías de onda, en ellas, la luz puede ser propagada y guiada dentro de un medio al cambiar localmente el índice de refracción. Crear varias guías de onda forman una red fotónica y la luz puede progaparse a través de ellas de forma análoga a un electrón en una red cristalina. De la mano con esto, los aislantes topológicos en la materia condensada, se caracterizan por un número topológico obtenido del bulto de la red. Este número está relacionado con la aparición de estados localizados robustos en el borde. Quizás el ejemplo más famoso es el efecto Hall cuántico [4], donde la precisión de la conductancia medida permitió la redefinición de constantes universales [5]. Esto no es único a la electrónica y, en los últimos años, ha habido un gran interés en el área de fotónica topológica debido a la capacidad de estos sistemas para controlar y proteger a la luz usando las propiedades topológicas [6, 7, 8]. A pesar de que luz cuántica ha sido utilizada en algunos casos [9], los efectos topológicos en las propiedades cuánticas de la luz aún no han sido completamente explicados y comprendidos. Esta tesis parte de la premisa de utilizar la robustez de la luz comprimida debido a los efectos conocidos de la topología [10]. Esto se realiza a través de una red fotónica topológica unidimensional, en la cuál, al modificar el sistema sin romper la topología, generamos interacciones entre la luz comprimida. Esto se explica y caracteriza utilizando los parámetros del sistema y más tarde, se prueba la robustez para comprender los beneficios que otorga la topología. La búsqueda de tecnologías cuánticas confiables y robustas para propagar y manipular la luz cuántica todavía continúa. Esperamos que esta tesis impulse el uso de sistemas topológicos para mejorar el control y la estabilidad de la luz comprimida a través de guías de onda.During the 20th century, the limitations of classical physics became evident. While classical physics provides us with a proper understanding of the everyday world, it falls short when attempting to describe phenomena on extremely large or tiny scales. This is where quantum physics comes into play, which deals with describing nature at atomic and subatomic levels. In this domain, unique quantum properties emerge, enabling phenomena and technologies unparalleled in the classical realm. In recent years, the growing technological advancements in controlling and utilizing quantum properties show the future potential to create, propagate, and reliably scale quantum systems. An example of current technology utilizing quantum properties is the squeezed state of the electromagnetic field, which allows for increased precision in one quadrature of the field at the expense of losing precision in the orthogonal quadrature. These states have mainly been used in metrology [1], most famously in the detection of gravitational waves [2], and in quantum computing [3]. Among light propagation systems, waveguides are present where light can be guided and propagated within a medium by locally changing the refractive index. Multiple waveguides create a photonic network, and light can propagate through them similarly to an electron in a crystalline lattice. Alongside this, topological insulators in condensed matter are characterized by a topological number obtained from the lattice’s bulk. This number is related to the appearance of robust localized states at the edge. Perhaps the most famous example is the quantum Hall effect [4], where the precision of measured conductance led to the redefinition of universal constants [5]. This phenomenon is not unique to electronics, and in recent years, there has been great interest in the field of topological photonics due to these systems’ ability to control and protect light using topological properties [6, 7, 8]. Despite quantum light having been used in some cases [9], the topological effects on the quantum properties of light have not yet been fully explained and understood. This thesis is based on the premise of utilizing the robustness of squeezed light due to known topological effects [10]. This is achieved through a one-dimensional topological photonic network, in which, by modifying the system without breaking topology, we generate interactions among squeezed light. This is explained and characterized using the system’s parameters, and later, the robustness is tested to understand the benefits conferred by topology. The search for reliable and robust quantum technologies to propagate and manipulate quantum light continues. We hope that this thesis will drive the use of topological systems to enhance the control and stability of squeezed light through waveguides.Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico FONDECYT y el Instituto Milenio de Investigación en Óptica MIROVersión original del auto

Hay palabras que dicen poco y silencios que dicen mucho: análisis pragmalingüístico del silencio en narraciones conversacionales del español de Santiago de Chile

La presente investigación estudia el contenido sociopragmático de los silencios en narraciones conversacionales de experiencia personal. Con base en 27 narraciones co-construidas en parejas por hablantes santiaguinos, proponemos una taxonomía que clasifica las funciones de nuestro fenómeno en estudio para relacionarlas con las variables sociales nivel de instrucción y género. Para ello, trabajaremos con la noción de silencio en cuanto éste, como elemento conversacional integrado a la cadena hablada, posee una duración igual o superior a un segundo, no responde a necesidades fisiológicas del hablante y desea expresar un contenido significativo (Cestero, 2017; Ephratt, 2016; Méndez, 2016). La interpretación de los silencios, en conjunto con otros elementos no verbales y verbales, nos dará pistas que nos ayuden a comprender cómo se negocian valores como la cortesía, el poder y la solidaridad durante la construcción colaborativa del relato, en la medida en que existen silencios cuya función radica en la protección de la imagen de los interlocutores. En este sentido, la atenuación como estrategia de protección de la autoimagen será vital para comprender las elecciones de los hablantes en relación con silencios que poseen la función de mitigar la fuerza ilocutiva del mensaje.Proyecto ANID/CONICYT Fondecyt Regular 1200003Versión original del auto

El dividendo por unidad de negocio en la sociedad por acciones

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales

The Great Moderation and the New Business Cycle

There is a new approach to modeling business cycles that is gaining acceptance. It appears that there is good evidence that this approach may have a great deal to offer in understanding the causes and processes of major economic business cycles associated with financial crisis. This paper does not intend to define a mathematical model but instead describes the ideas and theories behind this new approach. In addition, this paper addresses a few of the unique challenges officials within the United States face with the current global crisis. The new approach has at its core the belief that the structure of our current economy, as well as many European economies, has changed significantly. Starting around 1983-1985 a structural break occurred that resulted in a period where changes in GDP, consumption and inflation ceased to experience high volatility. This period has been dubbed “The Great Moderation” and it is significant. The standard deviation during the years 1985-2004 was but one-half the standard deviation of the quarterly growth rate of real gross domestic product between the years 1960-1984. A variety of hypothesis for this period has been put forth of which will not be discussed in this paper. More importantly here, is that these new economies are subject to business cycles that are endogenous in nature and are highly correlated with financial crisis. It is believed that these new economies have specific characteristics that generate these financial business cycles. These cycles are not triggered by exogenous supply or demand shocks that throw an economy off of a steady state but instead are an endogenous force within the gears of the system itself that creates imbalances that can build up without any noticeable increase in inflation - the traditional parameter typically used to monitor imbalances. The main characteristic of this new era of Great Moderation is rapidly rising growth coupled with low and stable prices which is highly correlated with an increase in the probability of episodes of financial instability (Borio 2003). In fact, within these new economies inflation shows up first as excess demand within credit aggregates and asset prices rather than in the traditional goods and services markets. This means that a financial crisis could occur without inflation ever having occurred within the broader economy. If asset bubbles are left unattended the resulting implosion of the bubbles can create virulent deflationary episodes. And it is the unwinding of the financial imbalances caused by the bubbles that are the source of financial instability. Note that according to this model, it is not a sudden decline in inflation brought on by a contraction in the money supply that triggers a crisis as is often argued (for example Friedman and Schwartz 1963). So, minimizing the deflationary impact will not stop the necessary unwinding and required rebalancing. There are many parameters that have been used in developing predictive models that anticipate a financial crisis. A few leading indicators that may warn of a growing financial crisis are: 1. Widening Credit gaps and rapidly rising assets values (equities, real estate- inelastic assets) 2. Over confidence / ‘exuberance’ coupled with faith in central bankers anti-inflationary commitments 3. Misalignments in intertemporal consumption, savings and investment decisions 4. Output gaps 5. Currency exchange rates / imbalance in global savings Again, this paper does not intend to define a model but instead simply lays out the ideas and theories behind this new modeling approach. This paper will first compare the traditional to the new modeling approach by first describing the economic environment that creates the business cycle. Secondly it will compare the two paradigms and explain how each generates different questions and answers in monitoring and explaining economic stability. Finally, I touch on a few of the unique challenges facing our current crisis within the United States