13 research outputs found

    On striatum in silico

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    The basal ganglia are a collection of subcortical nuclei involved in movement and action selection. The striatum is the main input nucleus with extensive projections from the cortex and thalamus, and dopaminergic projections from SNc and VTA. The two main cell types are the striatal projection neurons (SPNs), which are divided into the direct (dSPN) and indirect (iSPN) pathways, based on the downstream projections and the expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, respectively. The remaining 5% consists mainly of GABAergic interneurons, such as parvalbumin-expressing fastspiking interneurons (FS) and low threshold spiking interneurons (LTS). The cholinergic interneuron (ChIN) is spontaneously active and unlike the other interneurons releases acetylcholine. This thesis is focused on investigating the function of the striatum and the role of SPNs and the striatal interneurons. This is achieved by building a platform, tools, and a database of multi-compartmental models of SPN, FS, ChIN, and LTS; and through simulations systematically uncovering the roles of these striatal neuron types and external input and, more specifically, the role of neuromodulation and intrastriatal inhibition. In Paper I, Snudda, a platform for simulating large-scale networks, is developed and includes multicompartmental models of dSPN, iSPN, FS, LTS, and ChIN. The tools include methods to generate external input from the cortex and thalamus; and dopaminergic modulation from SNc. Paper II investigates the relationship between ChIN and LTS. The ChIN releases ACh, which activates both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors within the striatum. The dominating effect on LTS is inhibition caused by muscarinic M4 receptors. LTS, on the other hand, releases NO which excites ChINs. Paper II showed that the interaction between these neuromodulators could control the activity of ChIN and LTS, which are generally spontaneously active. In the subsequent Paper III, Snudda was complemented with the neuromodulation package called Neuromodcell, a Python Package, for creating models of neuromodulation, which can be included in large-scale network simulations in Snudda. The method of simulating neuromodulators in Snudda was expanded to include multiple simultaneously active modulators. This resulted in several simulations with simultaneous ACh pause with DA burst as well as an ACh burst with a DA burst. In Paper IV, the effect of intrastriatal surround inhibition on striatal activity was investigated by utilizing ablations, clustered input, dopaminergic modulation, and other features in Snudda. These simulations demonstrated that shunting inhibition could reduce the amplitude of corticostriatal input onto SPNs. The surround inhibition can further modulate the plateau potentials in SPNs, which is dependent on the GABA reversal. Lastly, the competition between populations of SPNs can be modified by varying the strength, size, and positions of populations. Furthermore, dopaminergic modulation can enhance the effect of dSPNs, while increasing the inhibition onto iSPNs. Overall, this thesis provides an analysis of the striatal microcircuit and a tool for further investigations of the striatum in silico; and demonstrates the importance to consider the different components of the striatal microcircuit and how neuromodulators can reshape microcircuits on both single neuron and network levels

    Structural transformations of Li2C2 at high pressures

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    Structural changes of Li2C2 under pressure were studied by synchrotron x-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell under hydrostatic conditions and by using evolutionary search methodology for crystal structure prediction. We show that the high-pressure polymorph of Li2C2, which forms from the Immm ground-state structure (Z = 2) at around 15 GPa, adopts an orthorhombic Pnma structure with Z = 4. Acetylide C2 dumbbells characteristic of Immm Li2C2 are retained in Pnma Li2C2. The structure of Pnma Li2C2 relates closely to the anticotunnite-type structure. C2 dumbbell units are coordinated by nine Li atoms, as compared to eight in the antifluorite structure of Immm Li2C2. First-principles calculations predict a transition of Pnma Li2C2 at 32 GPa to a topologically identical phase with a higher Cmcm symmetry. The coordination of C2 dumbbell units by Li atoms is increased to 11. The structure of Cmcm Li2C2 relates closely to the Ni2 In-type structure. It is calculated that Cmcm Li2C2 becomes metallic at pressures above 40 GPa. In experiments, however, Pnma Li2C2 is susceptible to irreversible amorphization

    Trends in poverty risks among people with and without limiting-longstanding illness by employment status in Sweden, Denmark, and the United Kingdom during the current economic recession – a comparative study

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    BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found higher employment rates and lower risk of relative poverty among people with chronic illness in the Nordic countries than in the rest of Europe. However, Nordic countries have not been immune to the general rise in poverty in many welfare states in recent decades. This study analysed the trends in poverty risks among a particularly vulnerable group in the labour market: people with limiting-longstanding illness (LLSI), examining the experience of those with and without employment, and compared to healthy people in employment in Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey data from EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) on people aged 25–64 years in Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom (UK) were analysed between 2005 and 2010. Age-standardised rates of poverty risks (<60% of national median equalised disposable income) were calculated. Odds ratios (ORs) of poverty risks were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: In all three countries, non-employed people with LLSI had considerably higher prevalence of poverty risk than employed people with or without LLSI. Rates of poverty risk in the UK for non-employed people with LLSI were higher than in Sweden and Denmark. Over time, the rates of poverty risk for Swedish non-employed people with LLSI in 2005 (13.8% CI=9.7-17.8) had almost doubled by 2010 (26.5% CI=19.9-33.1). For both sexes, the inequalities in poverty risks between non-employed people with LLSI and healthy employed people were much higher in the UK than in Sweden and Denmark. Over time, however, the odds of poverty risk among British non-employed men and women with LLSI compared with their healthy employed counterparts declined. The opposite trend was seen for Swedish men: the odds of poverty risk for non-employed men with LLSI compared with healthy employed men increased from OR 2.8 (CIs=1.6-4.7) in 2005 to OR 5.3 (CIs=3.2-8.9) in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing poverty risks among the non-employed people with LLSI in Sweden over time are of concern from a health equity perspective. The role of recent Swedish social policy changes should be further investigated

    En kvalitativ studie om formativ bedömning i teori och praktik. : Ur ett lÀrarperspektiv

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    Detta Àr en kvalitativ studie med en fenomenologisk ansats dÀr urvalsgruppen Àr mellanstadielÀrare som menar sig anvÀnda formativ bedömning i svenskundervisningen. Studien teoretiska ramverk Àr ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och tas hÀnsyn till vid utformningen samt resultat- och diskussionsanalys. Datainsamlingen har skett genom narrativa forskningsintervjuer med anledning av att studiens syfte Àr att öka kunskapen om lÀrarnas egen tolkning och beskrivning av den formativa bedömningens innebörd, dess implementering samt pÄverkande faktorer vid implementeringen. DÀrefter har en innehÄllsanalys gjorts pÄ materialet för att öka förstÄelsen och bilden av lÀrarens egna perspektiv av formativ bedömning. Resultatet visade att informanterna hade liknande tolkning av definitionen av formativ bedömning men stÀmde inte överens med tidigare forskningar som bedrivits ur ett lÀrarperspektiv. Det som visade sig vara av stort vÀrde var planeringen av mÄl och strukturer Àven om syftena bakom kunde skilja sig nÄgot Ät mellan informanterna. Den mest framtrÀdande pÄverkande faktorn var tiden vilket Àr i enlighet med tidigare forskning

    En kvalitativ studie om formativ bedömning i teori och praktik. : Ur ett lÀrarperspektiv

    No full text
    Detta Àr en kvalitativ studie med en fenomenologisk ansats dÀr urvalsgruppen Àr mellanstadielÀrare som menar sig anvÀnda formativ bedömning i svenskundervisningen. Studien teoretiska ramverk Àr ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och tas hÀnsyn till vid utformningen samt resultat- och diskussionsanalys. Datainsamlingen har skett genom narrativa forskningsintervjuer med anledning av att studiens syfte Àr att öka kunskapen om lÀrarnas egen tolkning och beskrivning av den formativa bedömningens innebörd, dess implementering samt pÄverkande faktorer vid implementeringen. DÀrefter har en innehÄllsanalys gjorts pÄ materialet för att öka förstÄelsen och bilden av lÀrarens egna perspektiv av formativ bedömning. Resultatet visade att informanterna hade liknande tolkning av definitionen av formativ bedömning men stÀmde inte överens med tidigare forskningar som bedrivits ur ett lÀrarperspektiv. Det som visade sig vara av stort vÀrde var planeringen av mÄl och strukturer Àven om syftena bakom kunde skilja sig nÄgot Ät mellan informanterna. Den mest framtrÀdande pÄverkande faktorn var tiden vilket Àr i enlighet med tidigare forskning

    En kvalitativ studie om formativ bedömning i teori och praktik. : Ur ett lÀrarperspektiv

    No full text
    Detta Àr en kvalitativ studie med en fenomenologisk ansats dÀr urvalsgruppen Àr mellanstadielÀrare som menar sig anvÀnda formativ bedömning i svenskundervisningen. Studien teoretiska ramverk Àr ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och tas hÀnsyn till vid utformningen samt resultat- och diskussionsanalys. Datainsamlingen har skett genom narrativa forskningsintervjuer med anledning av att studiens syfte Àr att öka kunskapen om lÀrarnas egen tolkning och beskrivning av den formativa bedömningens innebörd, dess implementering samt pÄverkande faktorer vid implementeringen. DÀrefter har en innehÄllsanalys gjorts pÄ materialet för att öka förstÄelsen och bilden av lÀrarens egna perspektiv av formativ bedömning. Resultatet visade att informanterna hade liknande tolkning av definitionen av formativ bedömning men stÀmde inte överens med tidigare forskningar som bedrivits ur ett lÀrarperspektiv. Det som visade sig vara av stort vÀrde var planeringen av mÄl och strukturer Àven om syftena bakom kunde skilja sig nÄgot Ät mellan informanterna. Den mest framtrÀdande pÄverkande faktorn var tiden vilket Àr i enlighet med tidigare forskning

    Ambulanspersonalens behov av stöd efter en hot- eller vÄldssituation : en kvalitativ intervjustudie

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    Hot och vĂ„ld inom sjukvĂ„rden Ă€r ett ökande problem. VĂ„rdare som utsĂ€tts för hot och vĂ„ld pĂ„verkas negativt i sitt arbete. Ambulanspersonal mĂ„ste under en begrĂ€nsad tid och i en akut situation etablera en bra relation till vĂ„rdtagaren. För att förutsĂ€ttningarna att klara detta ska vara sĂ„ bra som möjligt behöver vĂ„rdaren mĂ„ bra. DĂ€rför Ă€r det viktigt att vĂ„rdaren efter att ha varit utsatt för en hot- eller vĂ„ldssituation fĂ„r möjlighet att bearbeta hĂ€ndelsen.Syftet med studien Ă€r att beskriva ambulanspersonalens upplevelse av behov av stöd efter att ha varit utsatt för en hot- eller vĂ„ldssituation.En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes. Sex personer pĂ„ tvĂ„ olika ambulansstationer i VĂ€stra Götalands regionen intervjuades.I resultatet framkom att ambulanspersonalen behöver stöd ifrĂ„n sina kollegor för att bearbeta det intrĂ€ffade, detta i form av samtal. Är inte detta tillrĂ€ckligt Ă€r stöd ifrĂ„n verksamheten i form av samtal med chefen eller utomstĂ„ende, t.ex. diakon eller kurator, det som ambulanspersonalen upplever sig behöva. Det visade sig Ă€ven vara viktigt att fĂ„ tid för Ă„terhĂ€mtning.I diskussionen förs resonemang kring studiens genomförande. HĂ€r diskuteras Ă€ven möjligheten till samtal och handledning, reaktioner pĂ„ hot och vĂ„ld samt att personalen behöver pĂ„tala nĂ€r behov av stöd finns.Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot ambulanssjukvĂ„rdUppsatsnivĂ„: D</p

    Ambulanspersonalens behov av stöd efter en hot- eller vÄldssituation : en kvalitativ intervjustudie

    No full text
    Hot och vĂ„ld inom sjukvĂ„rden Ă€r ett ökande problem. VĂ„rdare som utsĂ€tts för hot och vĂ„ld pĂ„verkas negativt i sitt arbete. Ambulanspersonal mĂ„ste under en begrĂ€nsad tid och i en akut situation etablera en bra relation till vĂ„rdtagaren. För att förutsĂ€ttningarna att klara detta ska vara sĂ„ bra som möjligt behöver vĂ„rdaren mĂ„ bra. DĂ€rför Ă€r det viktigt att vĂ„rdaren efter att ha varit utsatt för en hot- eller vĂ„ldssituation fĂ„r möjlighet att bearbeta hĂ€ndelsen.Syftet med studien Ă€r att beskriva ambulanspersonalens upplevelse av behov av stöd efter att ha varit utsatt för en hot- eller vĂ„ldssituation.En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes. Sex personer pĂ„ tvĂ„ olika ambulansstationer i VĂ€stra Götalands regionen intervjuades.I resultatet framkom att ambulanspersonalen behöver stöd ifrĂ„n sina kollegor för att bearbeta det intrĂ€ffade, detta i form av samtal. Är inte detta tillrĂ€ckligt Ă€r stöd ifrĂ„n verksamheten i form av samtal med chefen eller utomstĂ„ende, t.ex. diakon eller kurator, det som ambulanspersonalen upplever sig behöva. Det visade sig Ă€ven vara viktigt att fĂ„ tid för Ă„terhĂ€mtning.I diskussionen förs resonemang kring studiens genomförande. HĂ€r diskuteras Ă€ven möjligheten till samtal och handledning, reaktioner pĂ„ hot och vĂ„ld samt att personalen behöver pĂ„tala nĂ€r behov av stöd finns.Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot ambulanssjukvĂ„rdUppsatsnivĂ„: D</p

    Effect of metal doping on the low-temperature structural behavior of thermoelectric ÎČ-Zn 4 Sb 3

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    The low-temperature structural phase transitions of Bi, Pb, In and Sn-doped samples of thermoelectric Zn 4 Sb 3 have been characterized on crystals grown from molten metal fluxes, using electrical resistance and single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. Room temperature stable, disordered, ÎČ-Zn 4 Sb 3 undergoes two phase transitions at 254 and 235 K to the consecutively higher ordered phases α and αâ€Č, respectively. The ideal crystallographic composition of α-Zn 4 Sb 3 is Zn 13 Sb 10 . The α-αâ€Č transformation is triggered by a slight and homogenous Zn deficiency with respect to this composition and introduces a compositional modulation in the α-Zn 4 Sb 3 structure. When preparing ÎČ-Zn 4 Sb 3 in the presence of metals with low melting points (Bi, Sn, In, Pb) the additional metal atoms are unavoidably incorporated in small concentrations (0.04-1.3 at%) and act as dopants. This incorporation alters the subtle balance between Zn disorder and Zn deficiency in Zn 4 Sb 3 and has dramatic consequences for its low-temperature structural behavior. From molten metal flux synthesis it is possible to obtain (doped) Zn 4 Sb 3 samples which (1) only display a ÎČ-α transition, (2) only display a ÎČ-αâ€Č transition, or (3) do not display any low-temperature phase transition at all. Case (2) provided diffraction data with a sufficient quality to obtain a structural model for highly complex, compositionally modulated, αâ€Č-Zn 4 Sb 3 . The crystallographic composition of this phase is Zn 84 Sb 65

    Precarious employment and psychosocial hazards : A cross-sectional study in stockholm county

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    Precarious employment (PE) has been linked to adverse health effects, possibly mediated through psychosocial hazards. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to explore if higher levels of PE are associated with psychosocial hazards (experiences of violence, sexual harassment, bullying, discrimination, high demands, and low control) and to explore gender differences in these patterns. The study is based on survey-and register data from a sample of 401 non-standard employees in Stockholm County (2016–2017). The level of PE (low/high) was assessed with the Swedish version of the employment precariousness scale (EPRES-Se) and analysed in relation to psychosocial hazards by means of generalized linear models, with the Poisson family and robust variances. After controlling for potential confounders (gender, age, country of birth, and education), the prevalence of suffering bullying (PR 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01–1.13) and discrimination (PR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.00–2.32) was higher among individuals with a high level of PE. Regarding the demand/control variables, a high level of PE was also associated with low control (PR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.30–1.96) and passive work (the combination of low demands and low control) (PR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.23–2.08). Our findings suggest that workers in PE are more likely to experience psychosocial hazards, and these experiences are more prevalent among women compared to men. Future longitudinal studies should look further into these associations and their implications for health and health inequalities
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