La formación del profesorado en Educación Física con relación a las personas con discapacidad

Los mayores obstáculos y dificultades que señalan los docentes para la aplicación de la inclusión educativa alude a la falta de recursos materiales y personales, a la heterogeneidad de los alumnos en los grupos de clase y a la falta de preparación para la atención a la diversidad, provocando todo ello un amplio malestar entre el profesorado. No obstante, la complejidad y la magnificencia de dichos problemas no ha de suponer una merma en el buen hacer de los futuros profesionales, que con la formación adecuada deben luchar para conseguir solventar los obstáculos actuales, en un intento más por hacer realidad el sueño de la inclusión educativa

Influencia de la práctica de actividad física en los aspectos físicos del parapléjico sedentario

La mayor parte de los estudios estiman que entre el 10 y el 15 % de la población española presenta alguna discapacidad. En España aproximadamente 480.000 personas menores de 65 años presentan algún tipo de discapacidad y en los últimos datos estadísticos recogidos reflejan que existen 110.000 personas menores de 65 años usuarias de silla de ruedas, de los que solo 2.400 poseen licencia federativa en la federación española de deportes para minusválidos físicos, es decir un 2,2 %. Si observamos tanto el numero sumamente elevado de lesionados medulares como su creciente aumento día tras día, se crea la imperiosa necesidad de que este colectivo aprenda a potenciar al máximo aquellas partes de su cuerpo que no han sufrido alteración alguna, así como aquellas otras que pueden ser rehabilitadas en mayor o menor grado. En este estudio nos hemos marcado el siguiente objetivo: Determinar la influencia que el ejercicio físico aeróbico tiene sobre la condición física de las personas afectadas a la lesión medular. Se observó como el programa, fundamentalmente destinado a la mejora de la resistencia del grupo de sujetos sedentarios, logró mejoras significativas tanto en los factores vinculados con la resistencia –frecuencia cardiaca submáxima (fcsub), velocidad incremental máxima (vimax) como con la fuerza explosiva (dimax)–. Una vez hecho el estudio, concluimos que el programa de entrenamiento físico realizado mejora el rendimiento físico y, consecuentemente, el nivel de condición física del grupo de lesionados medulares estudiados, y que el nivel de condición física del grupo de parapléjicos deportistas es muy superior al encontrado entre los parapléjicos sedentarios, como se suponía

Boccia as a Rehabilitation Intervention for Adults With Severe Mobility Limitations Due to Neuromuscular and Other Neurological Disorders: Feasibility and Effects on Upper Limb Impairments.

Purpose Scant research exists regarding the effects of playing Boccia as a rehabilitation strategy for people with severe mobility limitations due to neuromuscular and other neurological disorders. This study is aimed at identifying the feasibility and effects of playing Boccia on the upper limb impairments of people with severe mobility limitations due to neuromuscular and other neurological disorders. Materials and Methods Seven people played Boccia three times per week for 20 weeks as part of the rehabilitation process, while other seven kept up with their usual rehabilitation schedule. Attrition, adherence, adverse effects, participation and completion rate were registered to assess feasibility. The effects of the program on grip, pinch strength and upper-limb active range of motion were assessed by means of a dynamometer and a goniometer. Results and Conclusions The program was feasible, although no effects were observed after its completion on variables assessed, except for hand flexion and ulnar deviation active range of motion. In a group of people with severe disability due to neuromuscular and other neurological disorders, playing Boccia as part of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program was shown to be a feasible therapy. However, practicing this game did not lead to significant improvements in upper limb impairments, except for wrist flexion and ulnar deviation active range of motion.post-print268 K

Boccia as a Rehabilitation Intervention for Adults With Severe Mobility Limitations Due to Neuromuscular and Other Neurological Disorders: Feasibility and Effects on Upper Limb Impairments

[EN] Purpose: Scant research exists regarding the effects of playing Boccia as a rehabilitation strategy for people with severe mobility limitations due to neuromuscular and other neurological disorders. This study is aimed at identifying the feasibility and effects of playing Boccia on the upper limb impairments of people with severe mobility limitations due to neuromuscular and other neurological disorders. Materials and Methods: Seven people played Boccia three times per week for 20 weeks as part of the rehabilitation process, while other seven kept up with their usual rehabilitation schedule. Attrition, adherence, adverse effects, participation and completion rate were registered to assess feasibility. The effects of the program on grip, pinch strength and upper-limb active range of motion were assessed by means of a dynamometer and a goniometer. Results and Conclusions: The program was feasible, although no effects were observed after its completion on variables assessed, except for hand flexion and ulnar deviation active range of motion. In a group of people with severe disability due to neuromuscular and other neurological disorders, playing Boccia as part of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program was shown to be a feasible therapy. However, practicing this game did not lead to significant improvements in upper limb impairments, except for wrist flexion and ulnar deviation active range of motion.SIMinistry of Education, Culture and Sports, Government of Spain (FPU12/05828

Exercise Interventions for Improving Flexibility in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background and objectives: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) often experience limitations in joint range of motion, which is linked to spasticity and continued inactivity. Low flexibility levels in this population have been linked to postural problems and muscular pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and a meta-analysis aimed at identifying the characteristics and methodological quality of investigations studying the effects of exercise interventions on the flexibility levels of people with MS. Materials and Methods: Three electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus) were systematically searched up to May 2019 for intervention studies focused on the effects of exercise on the flexibility levels of people with MS. A meta-analysis, including randomized controlled trials (RCT), which reported information regarding the effects of exercise on flexibility, was also conducted. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and the Quality Assessment Tool for Before–After Studies, with no control group. The quality of the information reported, regarding the programs conducted, was assessed by means of the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) scale. Results: Seven studies, four RCTs and three uncontrolled investigations were finally selected. The methodological quality of the RCTs was considered “poor” in one study, and “good” and “excellent” in two studies and one investigation, respectively. The three uncontrolled studies showed a methodological quality between “fair” and “poor”. Following the CERT scale, four studies were graded as “high” and three as “low”. Findings from the meta-analysis indicated no significant effects on hamstring flexibility, or the range of motion in the hips, knees or ankles. Conclusions: There is preliminary evidence from individual studies which indicates that people with MS can improve their lower limb flexibility following participation in physical exercise programs, but the meta-analysis did not confirm these findings.post-print1388 K

Does exercise have a neuroprotective function in multiple sclerosis? A brief overview of the physical training potential effects on cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Although the advance in disease-modifying drugs has helped to stabilize the multiple sclerosis (MS) course increasing life-expectancy, physical deterioration still supervenes over time in most MS patients. In this context, physical exercise programs are considered a safe and well-tolerated tool to preserve functional independence in this population, which not only provides similar fitness improvements as usually observed in healthy general population, but it may also ameliorate some of the symptoms that this pathology entails (as fatigue, balance deficits, muscle weakness, etc.). Nowadays, the question is if exercise only aids to reverse physical deconditioning associated to the disease or it has the potential to have an impact on MS progression. In the present overview, the role of exercise as complementary therapy for modulating various physiopathological pathways related to MS disease such as inflammation and the neurotrophic support for neuronal survival was revised. Specifically, the exercise ability to modulate the immune system behaviour regulating the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance, as well as, to promote neuroprotective and neurorestorative mechanisms through the brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulation was analysed.post-print304

Efficacy of a cognitive training and domotic control program (BCI) to prevent cognitive impairment

p. 6Con el tiempo, el envejecimiento puede causar un estado de discapacidad y dependencia. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de entrenamiento cognitivo y control domótico con una computadora programa (Brain Computer Interface, BCI). Con el fin de hacer entonces, el rendimiento neuropsicológico estimado de los sujetos han sido evaluados con el ADN de Luria batería neuropsicológica antes y después del entrenamientoS

Efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento de potencia e hipertrofia sobre la densidad mineral ósea y la potencia media en personas con esclerosis múltiple durante 7 semanas. Estudio preliminar.

La alteración en la conducción nerviosa que produce la EM conlleva un deterioro funcional. Concretamente, este deterioro produce pérdidas de masa muscular, densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y potencia, así como un aumento de la masa grasa. En general, el ejercicio físico ha mostrado mejoras a nivel funcional, sin embargo, el entrenamiento de fuerza parece mostrar los mejores resultados para estos parámetros. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de dos programas de entrenamiento de potencia e hipertrofia sobre la DMO y la potencia en personas con EM. Participaron 10 sujetos con EM con una media de edad de 56 años, de los cuales ocho eran mujeres y dos hombres. La muestra fue dividida en dos grupos de forma aleatoria. A cada grupo se le asignó un programa de entrenamiento de forma aleatoria. Se obtuvieron medidas de la DMO, potencia, fuerza y velocidad antes y después de ambos programas de entrenamiento. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables DMO en el grupo de entrenamiento de hipertrofia (EH) y en la potencia del grupo de entrenamiento de potencia (EP). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos para ninguna del resto de variables. El entrenamiento de hipertrofia reduce la DMO y no mejora la potencia, fuerza y velocidad. Mientras que el entrenamiento de potencia mejora la potencia y no mejora la composición corporal de este tipo de población.post-print263 K

Genetic profiles to identify talents in elite endurance athletes and professional football players.

The genetic profile that is needed to identify talents has been studied extensively in recent years. The main objective of this investigation was to approach, for the first time, the study of genetic variants in several polygenic profiles and their role in elite endurance and professional football performance by comparing the allelic and genotypic frequencies to the non-athlete population. In this study, genotypic and allelic frequencies were determined in 452 subjects: 292 professional athletes (160 elite endurance athletes and 132 professional football players) and 160 non-athlete subjects. Genotyping of polymorphisms in liver metabolisers (CYP2D6, GSTM1, GSTP and GSTT), iron metabolism and energy efficiency (HFE, AMPD1 and PGC1a), cardiorespiratory fitness (ACE, NOS3, ADRA2A, ADRB2 and BDKRB2) and muscle injuries (ACE, ACTN3, AMPD1, CKM and MLCK) was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (PCR-SNPE). The combination of the polymorphisms for the “optimal” polygenic profile was quantified using the genotype score (GS) and total genotype score (TGS). Statistical differences were found in the genetic distributions between professional athletes and the non-athlete population in liver metabolism, iron metabolism and energy efficiency, and muscle injuries (p<0.001). The binary logistic regression model showed a favourable OR (odds ratio) of being a professional athlete against a non-athlete in liver metabolism (OR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.28–3.01; p = 0.002), iron metabolism and energy efficiency (OR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.42–3.43; p < 0.001), and muscle injuries (OR: 2.70; 95% CI: 1.75–4.16; p < 0.001) in the polymorphisms studied. Genetic distribution in professional athletes as regards endurance (professional cyclists and elite runners) and professional football players shows genetic selection in these sports disciplines.post-print1592 K

Evaluación de un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza en personas con esclerosis múltiple.

Objetivo: evaluar los efectos de un programa de 10 semanas de entrenamiento de fuerza muscular en pacientes con Esclerosis Múltiple. Métodos: con un grupo de once sujetos (7 mujeres y 4 hombres) con esclerosis múltiple, con un rango en la puntuación de la escala “Expanded disability status scale” entre 6 y 8, edad media de 46.45 ± 6.89 años, se realizó un programa de fuerza de 10 semanas, a razón de dos sesiones por semana, complementadas con una sesión fisioterapéutica. La muestra fue dividida entre participantes ambulantes y no ambulantes. Se llevaron a cabo mediciones de fuerza, equilibrio, composición corporal y calidad de vida antes y después del programa de intervención. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de carga (kg), fuerza media total (N), fuerza máxima (N), potencia media total (W) en la prueba press de banca y sentadilla en el grupo ambulante, y en el grupo no ambulante en test de extensión de hombro; y en las variables de relaciones interpersonales, salud física y psicológica, en el cuestionario “WHOQOL-BREF”. No se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables de equilibrio y composición corporal. Conclusiones: un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza de 10 semanas de duración, en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple con una puntuación entre 6 y 8 en la escala “Expanded disability status scale” consiguió mejoras a nivel psicológico, social y físico. Con respecto a la fuerza, se encuentran mejoras que podrían mejorar la funcionalidad en la realización de las actividades de la vida diaria. Por otro lado, no se encontraron diferencias en el test del equilibrio y tampoco en la composición corporal de ambos grupos.post-print345 K