The FOMC in 1986: flexible policy for uncertain times

Federal Open Market Committee ; Monetary policy - United States

Observer weighting of interaural cues in positive and negative envelope slopes of amplitude-modulated waveforms

The auditory system can encode interaural delays in highpass-filtered complex sounds by phase locking to their slowly modulating envelopes. Spectrotemporal analysis of interaurally time-delayed highpass waveforms reveals the presence of a concomitant interaural level cue. The current study systematically investigated the contribution of time and concomitant level cues carried by positive and negative envelope slopes of a modified sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) high-frequency carrier. The waveforms were generated from concatenation of individual modulation cycles whose envelope peaks were extended by the desired interaural delay, allowing independent control of delays in the positive and negative modulation slopes. In experiment 1, thresholds were measured using a 2-interval forced-choice adaptive task for interaural delays in either the positive or negative modulation slopes. In a control condition, thresholds were measured for a standard SAM tone. In experiment 2, decision weights were estimated using a multiple-observation correlational method in a single-interval forced-choice task for interaural delays carried simultaneously by the positive, and independently, negative slopes of the modulation envelope. In experiment 3, decision weights were measured for groups of 3 modulation cycles at the start, middle, and end of the waveform to determine the influence of onset dominance or recency effects. Results were consistent across experiments: thresholds were equal for the positive and negative modulation slopes. Decision weights were positive and equal for the time cue in the positive and negative envelope slopes. Weights were also larger for modulations cycles near the waveform onset. Weights estimated for the concomitant interaural level cue were positive for the positive envelope slope and negative for the negative slope, consistent with exclusive use of time cues.We thank Virginia M. Richards and Bruce G. Berg for helpful discussions. We also thank Brian C. J. Moore and an anonymous reviewer for their insightful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. Work supported by grants from the National Science Council, Taiwan NSC 98-2410-H-008-081-MY3 and NIH R01DC009659

First record of Rhabdoceras suessi (Ammonoidea, Late Triassic) from the Transylvanian Triassic Series of the Eastern Carpathians (Romania) and a review of its biochronology, paleobiogeography and paleoecology

Abstract The occurrence of the heteromorphic ammonoid Rhabdoceras suessi Hauer, 1860, is recorded for the first time in the Upper Triassic limestone of the Timon-Ciungi olistolith in the Rarău Syncline, Eastern Carpathians. A single specimen of Rhabdoceras suessi co-occurs with Monotis (Monotis) salinaria that constrains its occurrence here to the Upper Norian (Sevatian 1). It is the only known heteromorphic ammonoid in the Upper Triassic of the Romanian Carpathians. Rhabdoceras suessi is a cosmopolitan species widely recorded in low and mid-paleolatitude faunas. It ranges from the Late Norian to the Rhaetian and is suitable for high-resolution worldwide correlations only when it co-occurs with shorter-ranging choristoceratids, monotid bivalves, or the hydrozoan Heterastridium. Formerly considered as the index fossil for the Upper Norian (Sevatian) Suessi Zone, by the latest 1970s this species lost its key biochronologic status among Late Triassic ammonoids, and it generated a controversy in the 1980s concerning the status of the Rhaetian stage. New stratigraphic data from North America and Europe in the subsequent decades resulted in a revised ammonoid biostratigraphy for the uppermost Triassic, the Rhaetian being reinstalled as the topmost stage in the current standard timescale of the Triassic. The geographic distribution of Rhabdoceras is compiled from published worldwide records, and its paleobiogeography and paleoecology are discussed

Using pedigrees to understand reproductive dynamics of imperiled populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Populations of anadromous Pacific salmon and steelhead are increasingly threatened by degradation and loss of critical freshwater habitat, as well as poor survival at sea. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) populations in California, which represents the southern limit of the species' range, are particularly vulnerable to such environmental disturbances. Accordingly, all California populations are listed under the Endangered Species Act and have been placed into two Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs): the Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast (SONCC) ESU, which is listed as threatened; and the Central California Coast (CCC) ESU, which is listed as endangered. Despite these protections, many populations are threatened with extirpation and natural productivity is severely impacted by the lack of natural habitat. In order to facilitate recovery, several integrated recovery and conservation hatchery programs operate within these ESUs. However, how effectively these programs contribute to production in these high-risk populations has yet to be quantified, which prevents the development of evidence-based mitigation strategies that aim to incorporate artificial propagation. In chapter one, I use pedigree reconstruction tools to understand current reproductive dynamics of coho salmon in the Shasta River, CA. I particularly focus on evaluating the contribution of excess adults released from the nearby Iron Gate Hatchery (IGH) to production within the Shasta to determine the efficacy of directly supplementing the Shasta population with these hatchery releases. Less than 10% of the juveniles sampled in the Shasta each year were assigned to IGH releases, suggesting low reproductive success amongst these individuals within the Shasta River. In chapter two, I assess the efficacy of the current Captive Broodstock program at Kingfisher Flat Hatchery on Scott Creek, CA. I again use pedigree reconstruction methods to perform parentage-based assignment for juveniles collected in Scott Creek, CA against a parental pool of adults that spawned both within the hatchery and the creek. Few Captive Broodstock adults were recovered as parents, again suggesting low reproductive success amongst these individuals. I ultimately discuss the implication of these results with respect to management, indicating measures that may optimize both ongoing and proposed conservation strategies to ensure long-term stability within these imperiled populations of coho salmon

Münzen der Rasuliden nebst einem Abriss der Geschichte dieser Jemenischen Dynastie

Jena, Univ., Phil. Diss., 1891von Heinrich Nütze

Der Mahdi-Aufstand im Sudan und die daraus hervorgegangenen Münzen : mit Original-Abbildungen ; [Sonderabdruck aus "Berliner Münzblätter"]

von Heinrich NützelAus: Berliner Münzblätte

Die Münzen der muslimischen Dynastieen Spaniens und des westlichen Nordafrika : mit 6 Tafeln

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