Outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa

This article provides an outline of the classification of the kingdom Fungi (including fossil fungi. i.e. dispersed spores, mycelia, sporophores, mycorrhizas). We treat 19 phyla of fungi. These are Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. The placement of all fungal genera is provided at the class-, order- and family-level. The described number of species per genus is also given. Notes are provided of taxa for which recent changes or disagreements have been presented. Fungus-like taxa that were traditionally treated as fungi are also incorporated in this outline (i.e. Eumycetozoa, Dictyosteliomycetes, Ceratiomyxomycetes and Myxomycetes). Four new taxa are introduced: Amblyosporida ord. nov. Neopereziida ord. nov. and Ovavesiculida ord. nov. in Rozellomycota, and Protosporangiaceae fam. nov. in Dictyosteliomycetes. Two different classifications (in outline section and in discussion) are provided for Glomeromycota and Leotiomycetes based on recent studies. The phylogenetic reconstruction of a four-gene dataset (18S and 28S rRNA, RPB1, RPB2) of 433 taxa is presented, including all currently described orders of fungi.Fil: Wijayawardene, N. N.. Qujing Normal University; ChinaFil: Hyde, K. D.. Mae Fah Luang University; TailandiaFil: Al-Ani, L. K. T.. University of Baghdad; IraqFil: Tedersoo, L.. University of Tartu; EstoniaFil: Haelewaters, D.. University of South Bohemia; República Checa. Purdue University; Estados Unidos. Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí; PanamáFil: Becerra, Alejandra Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Schnittler, M.. Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald; AlemaniaFil: Shchepin, O. N.. The Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; RusiaFil: Novozhilov, Y. K.. The Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; RusiaFil: Silva-Filho, A.G. S.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; BrasilFil: Gentekaki, E.. Mae Fah Luang University; TailandiaFil: Liu, P.. Jilin Agricultural University; ChinaFil: Cavender, J. C.. Ohio University; Estados UnidosFil: Kang, Y.. Guizhou Medical University; ChinaFil: Mohammad, S.. Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology; IránFil: Zhang, L. F.. Qujing Normal University; ChinaFil: Xu, R. F.. Qujing Normal University; ChinaFil: Li, Y. M.. Qujing Normal University; ChinaFil: Dayarathne, M. C.. Guizhou University; ChinaFil: Ekanayaka, A. H.. Mae Fah Luang University; TailandiaFil: Wen, T. C.. Guizhou University; ChinaFil: Deng, C. Y.. Guizhou Academy of Science; ChinaFil: Pereira, O. L.. Universidade Federal de Viçosa; BrasilFil: Navathe, S.. Agharkar Research Institute; IndiaFil: Hawksworth, D. L.. The Natural History Museum; Reino UnidoFil: Fan, X. L.. Beijing Forestry University; ChinaFil: Dissanayake, L. S.. Guizhou University; ChinaFil: Kuhnert, E.. Leibniz University Hannover; AlemaniaFil: Grossart, H. P.. Leibnitz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; AlemaniaFil: Thines, M.. Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; Alemani

Neutral Particles in Light of the Majorana-Ahluwalia Ideas

The first part of this article (Sections I and II) presents oneself an overview of theory and phenomenology of truly neutral particles based on the papers of Majorana, Racah, Furry, McLennan and Case. The recent development of the construct, undertaken by Ahluwalia [{\it Mod. Phys. Lett. A}{\bf 9} (1994) 439; {\it Acta Phys. Polon. B}{\bf 25} (1994) 1267; Preprints LANL LA-UR-94-1252, LA-UR-94-3118], could be relevant for explanation of the present experimental situation in neutrino physics and astrophysics. In Section III the new fundamental wave equations for self/anti-self conjugate type-II spinors, proposed by Ahluwalia, are re-casted to covariant form. The connection with the Foldy-Nigam-Bargmann-Wightman- Wigner (FNBWW) type quantum field theory is found. The possible applications to the problem of neutrino oscillations are discussed.Comment: REVTEX file. 21pp. No figure

Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa

This article provides an outline of the classification of the kingdom Fungi (including fossil fungi. i.e. dispersed spores, mycelia, sporophores, mycorrhizas). We treat 19 phyla of fungi. These are Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. The placement of all fungal genera is provided at the class-, order- and family-level. The described number of species per genus is also given. Notes are provided of taxa for which recent changes or disagreements have been presented. Fungus-like taxa that were traditionally treated as fungi are also incorporated in this outline (i.e. Eumycetozoa, Dictyosteliomycetes, Ceratiomyxomycetes and Myxomycetes). Four new taxa are introduced: Amblyosporida ord. nov. Neopereziida ord. nov. and Ovavesiculida ord. nov. in Rozellomycota, and Protosporangiaceae fam. nov. in Dictyosteliomycetes. Two different classifications (in outline section and in discussion) are provided for Glomeromycota and Leotiomycetes based on recent studies. The phylogenetic reconstruction of a four-gene dataset (18S and 28S rRNA, RPB1, RPB2) of 433 taxa is presented, including all currently described orders of fungi

Nivicolous myxomycetes in alpine and lowland landscapes of european part of Russia

Nivicolous myxomycete assemblages were surveyed in the northwest of the Great Caucasian ridge (Teberda state reserve), in the southern Khibiny Mountains (Kola peninsula), near Vaskelovo settlement (Leningrad oblast) and in Valamo Island (Karelia). In result we registered 46 species and 9 intraspecific taxa from 9 genera and 4 families of 3 orders. We report 39 species as new for Russia. To confirm the assignment of specimens (found in the Teberda reserve) to morphospecies, we obtained independently from determination 145 partial sequences of the 18S SSU rRNA gene from 35 taxa of Lamproderma, Meriderma, Physarum and Diderma, which turned out to represent 58 genotypes. Most of the taxa represented by more than one sequence had several genotypes, with an average of 1.7 genotypes per taxon. Except for three taxonomically difficult groups of species, partial SSU sequences did well correspond with the respective morphospecies and where similar or identical to sequences of specimens from the European Alps, making this marker a good candidate for barcoding in myxomycetes. Alpha diversity and taxonomic structure of myxomycete assemblages change regularly along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients and on different substrates. These parameters increase from lowland to mountain landscapes and from boreal forest to alpine meadows in the Northwest Caucasus. In temperate climate of the Northwest Caucasus species richness and diversity increase along the altitudinal gradient from subalpine crooked communities to treeless alpine meadows. In contrary, in the Arctic we registered a reverse trend - species richness and diversity decrease from subalpine crooked forests to alpine communities of mountain tundra. The intensity of sporulation in nivicolous myxomycetes depends on a combination of climatic factors not only during the spring snowmelt, but also throughout the year. For the successful growth of the population of amoebae and formation of fruit bodies in spring a combination of the following parameters is necessary: formation of the snow cover before soil freezing and a long stay of propagules and amoebae under a thick layer of snow until spring. Along the latitudinal and altitudinal gradients we observed a change in the composition of substrate assemblages of nivicolous slime molds. However the degree of differentiation varies in different regions. It is most noticeable in the Arctic tundra. The greatest diversity of species is observed on the litter.Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект 13–04–00839_а) с использованием микроскопического оборудования Центра коллективного пользования БИН РАН