1,369 research outputs found

    Die neue gesetzliche Unterhaltsregelung in der Republik Slowenien

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    The recent changes in the Slovenian family law legislation provide an important framework for contractual freedom. The new precise legal provisions not only bring more opportunities for maintenance agreements between spouses but also encourage parents to achieve an agreement on maintenance for their children. The general principle of making more space for contractual freedom will in the future also be followed in the provisions of the new Slovenian Family Code. This will abrogate the compulsory legal regulation of property relations between spouses and provide further possibilities for freedom of settlement of one’s own (legal) relationships.Najnovije izmjene slovenskog zakonodavstva o obiteljskom pravu bile su prijeko potrebne, budući da su praktički iste materijalnopravne odredbe o uzdržavanju iz Zakona o braku i obiteljskim odnosima bile na snazi od godine 1977. U preko dvadeset godina njehove primjene kazuistika je učinila vidljivim brojne nedostatke i zakonske rupe. Razvoj pravne teorije s jedne strane i promjene u društvenom okruženju nakon osamostaljenja Republike Slovenije s druge nametnule su nova pitanja (npr. smiju li stranke sklopiti vlastiti sporazum o uzdržavanju u obliku bilježničkog zapisnika). Kazuistički kao i djelovanjem socijalnih službi u praksi nastojalo se predmete uzdržavanja o kojima je zakon šutio riješiti analognom primjenom individualnih načela i pravila obiteljskog prava. Takva nepisana pravila umanjivala su transparentnost regulacije uzdržavanja i time pravnu sigurnost građana. U pojedinim slučajevima tako su čak nastala nova pravila. Takvo pravno uređenje prava na uzdržavanje, koje je egzistencijalno pravo, nije više bilo prihvatljivo, te je to područje koje može imati teške posljedice za život kako ovlaštenika tako i obveznika uzdržavanja trebalo što prije iznova urediti. Stoga je izmijenjena pravna regulacija uzdržavanja kao i odnos između roditelja i djeteta. Bračni drug koji ne raspolaže potrebnim sredstvima za život te je nezaposlen bez vlastite krivnje i nadalje zadržava pravo na uzdržavanje od strane drugog bračnog druga i nakon rastave. Takav zahtjev može istaknuti bilo tijekom brakorazvodnog postupka bilo u zasebnom postupku u roku od jedne godine od pravomoćnosti rastave. Uzdržavanje se priznaje ovisno o potrebama podnositelja zahtjeva i sposobnosti obveznika uzdržavanja kao mjesečni predujam. U iznimnim slučajevima uzdržavanje se može dodijeliti kao jednokratnu isplatu ili na drugi način, ako to ne predstavlja nepravedno opterećenje za uzdržavanog i uzdržavatelja. Bračni drugovi mogu tijekom brakorazvodnog postupka međusobno dogovoriti uzdržavanje. Takav dogovor sklapa se u obliku izvršnog bilježničkog zapisnika kod javnog bilježnika. Obveza uzdržavanja između djeteta i roditelja i nadalje je uzajamna. Roditelji su dužni uzdržavati svoju djecu, a punoljetna djeca su dužna podupirati svoje roditelje ako nemaju dovoljno sredstava za život niti ih mogu namaknuti. Roditelji su dužni uzdržavati svoju djecu obično do punoljetnosti. Nihova se sposobnost uzdržavanja ocjenjuje prema materijalnim i proizvodnim mogućnostima. Iznos uzdržavanja mora biti dovoljan da jamči dobrobit djeteta. To znači da mora biti primjeren uspješnom cjelokupnom razvoju djeteta. Punoljetno dijete roditelji moraju uzdržavati samo onda ako je u punoj izobrazbi. Formalna pozicija djeteta u izobrazbi nije mjerodavna za obvezu uzdržavanja. Razdoblje do kada osoba koju uzdržavaju roditelji ima pravo na uzdržavanje sada je ograničeno na 26 godina. I uzdržavanje djeteta može se riješiti sporazumno. Roditelji mogu pred sudom sklopiti sporazum o uzdržavanju maloljetne djece. Sporazumi o uzdržavanju punoljetne djece sklapaju se pred javnim bilježnikom u obliku izvršnog bilježničkog zapisnika, što vrijedi i za sporazume o uzdržavanju između punoljetnih osoba, npr. sporazum o uzdržavanju između bračnih drugova ili neuzdržavanih roditelja.Die jüngsten Änderungen in der slowenischen Gesetzgebung zum Familienrecht waren dringend erforderlich, da die materiellrechtlichen Bestimmungen zum Unterhalt im Gesetz über Ehe und Familienbeziehungen praktisch unverändert seit 1977 in Kraft waren. In den über zwanzig Jahren ihrer Anwendung hat das Fallrecht zahlreiche Mängel und Gesetzeslücken ans Licht gebracht. Einerseits durch die Entwicklung der Rechstheorie, andererseits infolge der Veränderungen im sozialen Umfeld nach der Unabhängigkeit der Republik Slowenien kamen neue Fragen auf (z. B. die Frage, ob Parteien eine eigene Unterhaltsvereinbarung in Form eines notariellen Protokolls treffen dürfen). Im Fallrecht wie in der Praxis der Sozialbehörden versuchte man, Unterhaltsangelegenheiten, zu denen das Gesetz schwieg, durch analoge Anwendung individueller Prinzipien und Regeln des Familienrechts zu lösen. Solche ungeschriebenen Regeln beeinträchtigten die Transparenz von Unterhaltsregelungen und damit die Rechtssicherheit der Bürger. Vereinzelt begründeten sie sogar neue Regeln. Eine solche rechtliche Regelung des Unterhaltsrechts, das ein existentielles Recht darstellt, war nicht mehr zufrieden stellend. Daher musste dieser Bereich, der schwerwiegende Folgen für das Leben des Unterhaltsberechtigten wie auch das des Unterhaltsverpflichteten haben kann, so bald wie möglich neu geregelt werden. Sowohl die rechtliche Regelung des Unterhalts als auch die der Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen wurde deshalb geändert. Ein Gatte, der nicht die erforderlichen Mittel zum Leben hat und ohne eigenes Verschulden arbeitslos ist, behält auch weiterhin den Anspruch, vom anderen Gatten selbst nach der Scheidung Unterhalt zu bekommen,. Er oder sie kann dies entweder im Scheidungsverfahren beantragen oder in einem individuellen Verfahren innerhalb eines Jahres nach der rechtskräftigen Scheidung. Der Unterhalt wird nach den Bedürfnissen des Beantragenden und der Leistungsfähigkeit des Verpflichteten als monatliche Vorauszahlung zugesprochen. Ausnahmsweise kann Unterhalt als einmalige Zahlung oder in anderer Weise angeordnet werden, sofern den Unterhaltsbetroffenen dadurch keine unbillige Härte widerfahren würde. Ehegatten können im Zuge der Scheidung den Unterhalt auch untereinander vereinbaren. Eine solche Vereinbarung wird in Form eines vollstreckbaren notariellen Protokolls beim Notar getroffen. Die Unterhaltsverpflichtung zwischen Kindern und Eltern ist auch weiterhin gegenseitig: Eltern sind verpflichtet, ihre Kinder zu unterhalten, und volljährige Kinder sind verpflichtet, ihre Eltern zu unterstützen, falls diese nicht ausreichende Mittel zum Leben haben und nicht beschaffen können. Eltern sind verpflichtet, ihre Kinder gewöhnlich bis zur Volljährigkeit zu unterhalten. Ihre Fähigkeit zur Unterhaltsleistung wird nach ihren materiellen und produktiven Möglichkeiten beurteilt. Der Unterhalt muss hoch genug sein, um das Wohl des Kindes zu garantieren. Dies bedeutet, dass er für eine erfolgreiche Gesamtentwicklung des Kindes angemessen sein muss. Volljährige Kinder müssen von ihren Eltern nur dann unterhalten werden, wenn sie eine Vollzeitausbildung machen. Die formale Position des Kindes in der Ausbildung ist nicht entscheidend für die Unterhaltspflicht. Heute ist der Zeitraum, bis wann eine von ihren Eltern unterhaltene Person Anspruch auf Vollzeitausbildung hat, gesetzlich auf 26 Jahre beschränkt. Auch zum Kindesunterhalt ist eine Vereinbarung möglich. Eltern können vor Gericht eine Unterhaltsvereinbarung für minderjährige Kinder schließen. Unterhaltsvereinbarungen für volljährige Kinder werden als vollstreckbares notarielles Protokoll getroffen wie auch andere Unterhaltsvereinbarungen zwischen volljährigen Personen, etwa eine Unterhaltsvereinbarung zwischen Ehegatten oder nichtunterhaltenen Eltern

    ŠTO SMO NAUČILI TJEKOM ŠKOLOVANJA DJECE OD KUĆE

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    Kad se dogodio SARS-CoV-2 i kad je postala jasna činjenica, kako će se poučavanje morati odvijati na daljinu, najveće pitanje za ravnatelja osnovne škole sa 520 učenika i 65 zaposlenika, postalo je pitanje organiziranja rada. Ovo pitanje obuhvaćalo je kako zaposlene, tako i obrazovanje djece te tražilo odgovor u vezi komuniciranja s djecom i njihovim roditeljima, koliko sati dnevno bi nastava trebala trajati, koje internetske alate koristiti, kako brinuti o socijalno ugroženoj djeci i kako s djecom koja imaju poteškoće prilikom učenja … Članak govori o organizaciji obrazovanja na daljinu, problemima s kojima smo se susreli u samom početku, ali i tijekom školovanja, kako smo te probleme rješavali i na što moramo obratiti pažnju u slučaju ponovne potrebe podučavanja na daljinu

    Neka otvorena pitanja utvrđivanja podrijetla djeteta u Republici Sloveniji

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    Viele rechtliche Regeln zur Bestimmung der Elternschaft, die vor über dreißig Jahren entstanden sind, haben sich 2007 im Lichte der ersten Entscheidung des slowenischen Verfassungsgerichtes zur Bestimmung der Elternschaft als unangemessen erwiesen. Unangemessen sind die Regeln über objektive Fristen für die Anfechtung der anerkannten Elternschaft, die das Recht, von der eigenen Elternschaft zu erfahren, unzulässigerweise einschränken, da sie nicht berücksichtigen, wann der Einzelne tatsächlich die Möglichkeit bekam, seine Rechte durchzusetzen. Vom Verfassungsaspekt sind auch jene Regeln strittig, die den Involvierten in einigen Fällen gar kein Recht einräumen, die Elternschaft zu klären, oder in einem sehr beschnittenen Umfang. Ganz besonders mangelhaft sind die Regeln über die Natur der Anerkennungserklärung und die Zustimmung der Mutter dazu. Als nicht durchdacht und völlig unbrauchbar erweisen sich bei sinngemäßer Anwendung der Regeln über die Anerkennung der Vaterschaft die Regeln über die Anerkennung der Mutterschaft.A number of legal rules for determining parenthood introduced some thirty years ago, turned out in the light of the decision of the Slovene Constitutional Court of 2007 as inadequate. Inadequate are the rules for challenging the recognised parenthood which are not shaped as subjective terms. They limit the claimant’s right to know his parenthood and disregard the moment when the claimant was able to lodge his claim. Constitutionally questionable are likewise the rules principally excluding the right of determining the parenthood, or allowing this right in a very limited way. Particularly insufficient are the provisions about the nature of the recognition of paternity and the mother´s consent. Totally unsatisfying and unusable for recognition of maternity are the rules following the rules of the recognition of paternity.Mnoge zakonske odredbe o utvrđivanju podrijetla djeteta nastale prije više od 30 godina pokazale su se u svjetlu odluke slovenskoga Ustavnog suda iz 2007. godine neodgovarajućima. To su odredbe o objektivnim rokovima za osporavanje podrijetla djeteta. One ograničavaju pravo tužitelja u preispitivanju njegova podrijetla zanemarujući trenutak od kada je tužitelj mogao podnijeti zahtjev. S ustavnopravnog gledišta upitne su i odredbe koje isključuju pravo na utvrđivanje podrijetla kao i one koje ga omogućuju, ali vrlo ograničeno. Posebno su neprikladne odredbe o naravi priznanja očinstva i majčinu pristanku. Potpuno neprihvatljive i neprimjenjive su odredbe o priznanju majčinstva koje slijede pravila o priznanju očinstv

    Neka otvorena pitanja utvrđivanja podrijetla djeteta u Republici Sloveniji

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    Viele rechtliche Regeln zur Bestimmung der Elternschaft, die vor über dreißig Jahren entstanden sind, haben sich 2007 im Lichte der ersten Entscheidung des slowenischen Verfassungsgerichtes zur Bestimmung der Elternschaft als unangemessen erwiesen. Unangemessen sind die Regeln über objektive Fristen für die Anfechtung der anerkannten Elternschaft, die das Recht, von der eigenen Elternschaft zu erfahren, unzulässigerweise einschränken, da sie nicht berücksichtigen, wann der Einzelne tatsächlich die Möglichkeit bekam, seine Rechte durchzusetzen. Vom Verfassungsaspekt sind auch jene Regeln strittig, die den Involvierten in einigen Fällen gar kein Recht einräumen, die Elternschaft zu klären, oder in einem sehr beschnittenen Umfang. Ganz besonders mangelhaft sind die Regeln über die Natur der Anerkennungserklärung und die Zustimmung der Mutter dazu. Als nicht durchdacht und völlig unbrauchbar erweisen sich bei sinngemäßer Anwendung der Regeln über die Anerkennung der Vaterschaft die Regeln über die Anerkennung der Mutterschaft.A number of legal rules for determining parenthood introduced some thirty years ago, turned out in the light of the decision of the Slovene Constitutional Court of 2007 as inadequate. Inadequate are the rules for challenging the recognised parenthood which are not shaped as subjective terms. They limit the claimant’s right to know his parenthood and disregard the moment when the claimant was able to lodge his claim. Constitutionally questionable are likewise the rules principally excluding the right of determining the parenthood, or allowing this right in a very limited way. Particularly insufficient are the provisions about the nature of the recognition of paternity and the mother´s consent. Totally unsatisfying and unusable for recognition of maternity are the rules following the rules of the recognition of paternity.Mnoge zakonske odredbe o utvrđivanju podrijetla djeteta nastale prije više od 30 godina pokazale su se u svjetlu odluke slovenskoga Ustavnog suda iz 2007. godine neodgovarajućima. To su odredbe o objektivnim rokovima za osporavanje podrijetla djeteta. One ograničavaju pravo tužitelja u preispitivanju njegova podrijetla zanemarujući trenutak od kada je tužitelj mogao podnijeti zahtjev. S ustavnopravnog gledišta upitne su i odredbe koje isključuju pravo na utvrđivanje podrijetla kao i one koje ga omogućuju, ali vrlo ograničeno. Posebno su neprikladne odredbe o naravi priznanja očinstva i majčinu pristanku. Potpuno neprihvatljive i neprimjenjive su odredbe o priznanju majčinstva koje slijede pravila o priznanju očinstv

    Effect of precipitation microstructure and leaf area index on the interception of precipitation

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    Prestrežene padavine so padavine, ki jih vegetacija zadrži med padavinskim dogodkom in nato izhlapijo nazaj v ozračje. Količina prestreženih padavin je odvisna od različnih vegetacijskih in meteoroloških dejavnikov, v tem magistrskem delu pa smo se poglobili v dva redkeje obravnavana dejavnika in sicer indeks listne površine (LAI) in mikrostrukturo padavin. Meritve smo izvajali na raziskovalni ploskvi ob stavbi Oddelka za okoljsko gradbeništvo UL FGG v centru Ljubljane, kjer sta dve skupini dreves: dve navadni brezi (Betula pendula Roth.) in dva črna bora (Pinus nigra Arnold). Meritve padavin, prepuščenih padavin in odtoka po deblu smo izvajali med avgustom 2015 in junijem 2016, hkrati pa smo merili tudi mikrostrukturo padavin z disdometrom. Spomladi 2016 smo začeli izvajati tudi meritve indeksa listne površine (LAI) za obe vrsti dreves. Povečanje LAI je zelo opazno pri brezi, saj smo opazovali rast novih listov, indeks se je v kratkem obdobju povečal iz 1 na 2,5. Pri boru pa spremembe niso bile tako očitne, vrednosti so med 1,5 in 2,2. Rezultati so pokazali, da je breza v obravnavanemu obdobju prestregla 19,2 % vseh padavin, bor pa 38,2 % vseh padavin. Na prestrezanje najbolj vpliva skupna količina padavin, vendar je za dogodke z isto količino padavin delež prestreženih padavin lahko različen zaradi mikrostrukture padavin (velikost in hitrost kapljic) in LAI ter s tem povezane skladiščne zmogljivost krošnje. Drevesa prestrežejo več, ko so kapljice manjše in počasnejše ter ko ima drevo visok LAI.Rainfall interception loss is rainfall retained by vegetation during rainfall event which then evaporated back into the atmosphere. Quantity of interception loss depends on a variety of vegetation and meteorological factors. In this thesis we deepen the knowledge of two rarely addressed factors, leaf area index (LAI) and microstructure of rainfall. Measurements were carried out at the research plot adjacent to the building of the Department of Environmental Civil Engineering UL FGG in the center of Ljubljana, where grown two groups of trees: two silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and two black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). The measurements of precipitation, throughfall and stemflow were carried out between August 2015 and June 2016, at the same time, we also measured the microstructure precipitation with disdometer. In the spring of 2016 we started with the measurements of leaf area index (LAI) for both considered tree species. LAI increase is very noticeable by the birch, which is the consequance of the growth of new leaves in spring. Within a short time period LAI increased from 1 to 2,5. In the case of pine, the changes are not so obvious, values of LAI are between 1,5 and 2,2. The results show that in the observed period birch intercepted 19,2 % and pine 38,2 % of total rainfall. The interception was most affected by the total amount of precipitation, however the differences in the proportion of interception with the same amount of precipitation were due to the microstructure of precipitation (size and speed of the droplets) and LAI, related to the storage capacity of the tree crown. Trees intercept more when the droplets are smaller and slower, and LAI higher

    Narcissistic Patients: Understanding and Managing Feelings in Process of Nursing Care

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    Narcistični poremećaj ličnosti je trajni obrazac grandioznosti, potrebe za divljenjem i nedostatka empatije. Za osobu oboljelu od ovog poremećaja karakteristično je: prekomjerno obraćanje na druge radi vlastitiog određenja i regulacije samopoštovanja, pretjerano visoko mišnjenje o sebi, oštećena sposobnost prepoznavanja ili raspoznavanja tuđih osjećaja i potreba te uspostavljanje površnih odnosa koji bi poslužili reguliranju samopoštovanja. Vrste narcizma dijelimo na: maligni, antisocijalni, depresivni i opsesivno-kompulzivni tip. Da bi se kod osobe otkrio narcistični poremećaj moraju biti ispunjeni svi kriteriji prema DSM-IV. Najčešće se liječi psihoterapijom i primjenom kontratransfera. U psihoterapijskoj praksi susrećemo grandiozni i vulnerabilni narcizam. Pošto se medicinsko osoblje često susreće s ovim bolesnicima u praksi, potrebno je razumijeti ono što pokreće narcistično ponašanje te omogućiti bolje upravljanje takvim pojedincima

    Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-HR-MS method for the determination of fumonisin B1 and its hydrolysed metabolites and fumonisin B2 in broiler chicken plasma

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    A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of Fumonisin B1 (FB1), its partially hydrolysed metabolites pHFB1a+b and hydrolysed metabolite HFB1, and Fumonisin B2 (FB2) in broiler chicken plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed. The sample preparation was rapid, straightforward and consisted of a deproteinization and phospholipid removal step using an Oasis((R)) Ostro(TM) 96-well plate. Chromatography was performed on an Acquity HSS-T3 column, using 0.3% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium formate in water, and acetonitrile as mobile phases. The MS/MS instrument was operated in the positive electrospray ionization mode and the two multiple reaction monitoring transitions were monitored for each component for quantification and identification, respectively. The method was validated in-house: matrix-matched calibration graphs were prepared and good linearity (r 0.99) was achieved over the concentration ranges tested (1-500 ng/mL for FB1 and FB2; 0.86-860 ng/mL for pHFB1a; 0.72-1430 ng/mL for pHFB1b and 2.5-2500 ng/mL for HFB1). Limits of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) in plasma ranged between 0.72 to 2.5 ng/mL and 0.03 to 0.17 ng/mL, respectively. The results for the within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell within the specified ranges. Moreover, the method was transferred to an UPLC high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) instrument in order to determine potential metabolites of HFB1, such as N-acyl-HFB1s and phase II metabolites. The method has been successfully applied to investigate the toxicokinetics and biotransformation of HFB1 in broiler chickens

    Equivalent explanatory phrases in Danica zagrebečka

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    U radu je prikazan fenomen umetanja ekvivalentnih izraza iz stranih jezika, ponajviše latinskoga i njemačkoga, u tekstove pisane kajkavskim književnim jezikom u kalendaru Danica zagrebečka. Urednik i autor većine tekstova u toj publikaciji bio je Ignac Kristijanović, a prijevodne objasnidbenice uglavnom su ubacivane u zagrade iza izraza na izvornom jeziku teksta. Njima se čitateljstvu namjeravalo osigurati razumijevanje slabije poznatih ili nepoznatih izraza. U uvodnom dijelu rada prikazani su rasprostranjenost, tematski fokus i čitateljstvo kalendara od kraja 17. stoljeća nadalje. Nakon toga dan je osvrt na prijevodne objasnidbenice kao tipičan fenomen u devetnaestostoljetnim hrvatskim tekstovima, isprva primijećen u tekstovima pripadnika ilirskoga pokreta. Oni su, s obzirom na činjenicu da su se služili jezikom koji je u njihovo vrijeme doživljavao silni leksički i rječotvorbeni napredak, trebali osigurati razumijevanje novoskovanih izraza koje bi upotrebljavali u svojim tekstovima, bilo u privatnoj, bilo u javnim domenama. Činjenica da su objasnidbenice česte i u tekstovima pisanima kajkavskim književnim jezikom, navodi nas na zaključak da fiksiranje razumijevanja značenja nije bilo ograničeno samo na ilirske leksičke inovacije, odnosno da je društvenojezična situacija dosegla stadij u kojem se o društveno relevantnim temama u pravilu raspravljalo na stranim jezicima. Ekscerpiranjem građe iz tekstova Danice zagrebečke u razdoblju od 1834. do 1849. godine pronađeno je 219 objasnidbenica, najviše latinskih i njemačkih, a u manjoj mjeri i izraza na drugim jezicima. Analizirana je čestoća njihova pojavljivanja tijekom vremena, odnos jezika referentna izraza i jezika objasnidbenice, zatim u kojoj se mjeri objasnidbenice pojavljuju kao integralni dio pisanoga teksta (kojima se u zagradama dodaju termini na kajkavskom), a u kojoj mjeri kao u zagradama pisani dodaci kajkavskim terminima u tijelu teksta. Nadalje, analizirane su domene leksika u kojima najčešće dolazi do uporabe objasnidbenica, stupanj morfosintaktičke adaptiranosti (tj. prati li morfosintaktički oblik objasnidbenice oblik termina na koji se odnosi) te stupanj morfosintaktičke podudarnosti (tj. pripada li ekvivalent istoj vrsti riječi kao referentni izraz ili se primjerice sintagmom objašnjava pojedinačna riječ u tijelu teksta).The paper presents the phenomenon of inserting equivalent expressions from foreign languages, mostly Latin and German, into texts written in the Kajkavian literary language in the calendar Danica zagrebečka. The editor and author of most of the texts in that publication was Ignac Kristijanović, and the translated equivalent explanatory phrases were mostly enclosed in parentheses after the expression in the original language of the text. They were intended to provide readers with an understanding of lesser-known or unfamiliar terms. The introductory part of the paper presents the distribution, thematic focus and readership of the calendar from the end of the 17th century onwards. Equivalent explanatory phrases are presented as a typical phenomenon in nineteenth-century Croatian texts, first noticed in the texts of members of the Illyrian movement. Given the fact that they used a language that was experiencing great lexical and lexical progress in their time, they needed to ensure an understanding of the newly coined terms they would use in their texts. The fact that equivalent explanatory phrases were frequently used in texts written in Kajkavian literary language as well, leads us to the conclusion that the phenomenon was not limited to Illyrian lexical innovations, i.e. that the sociolinguistic situation reached a stage where socially relevant topics were usually discussed in foreign languages. By excerpting material from the texts of Danica of Zagreb in the period from 1834 to 1849, 219 equivalent explanatory phrases were found, mostly Latin and German, and to a lesser extent expressions from other languages. The corpus was analysed based on several criteria: the frequency of their occurrence over time, the relationship between the reference language and the language of the explanatory equivalents, the extent to which explanatory notes appear as an integral part of the written text (to which Kajkavian terms are added in brackets), and the extent to which body text. Furthermore, the domains of lexicons in which explanatory words are most commonly used, the degree of morphosyntactic adaptability (i.e. whether the morphosyntactic form of the explanatory note follows the form of the term to which it refers) and the degree of morphosyntactic similarity (whether the equivalent belongs to the same word classe etc.)

    THE SEMANTICS OF DIMINUTIVES IN THE KAJKAVIAN CROATIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

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    Iako među jezikoslovcima postoji suglasnost da je kajkavština – kako dijalekti tako i kajkavski hrvatski književni jezik – iznimno bogata imeničkim deminutivima, sustavnih proučavanja te teme (osim nekoliko manjih radova) nema. Temom ovoga rada su imeničke umanjenice u kajkavskome hrvatskome književnom jeziku: polifunkcionalnome, standardiziranome idiomu koji je funkciju književnoga jezika na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske imao od 16. stoljeća do tridesetih godina 19. stoljeća. Istraživanje je provedeno na korpusu ekscerpiranome iz dosada objavljenih svezaka Rječnika hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnog jezika i kartoteke Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje. U središtu zanimanja su značenjski odnosi motivirajućih riječi i umanjeničkih izvedenica te značenja samih umanjenica.The paper discusses the semantics of diminutives in the Kajkavian Croatian literary language, a polyfunctional standardized idiom used in the north-western part of Croatia from the 16th century until the 1830s. By investigating a corpus of 1103 nominal diminutives, the relationships between the base and the derived word are analyzed, as well as the meanings of the diminutives themselves. The analysis has confirmed that the category of diminutives, while primarily used to convey smallness, includes a very wide semantic spectrum. The findings are in line with previous investigations on diminutives by Jurafski (1996), who, on the basis of a corpus containing diminutives from 6o languages, stated that the semantics of diminutives are indeed focused around the prototypical meaning “little”, but that diminutives themselves, motivated by several possible cognitive mechanisms, form a radial category of a highly complex polysemantic structure. The analysis shows that there are several possible relationships between the semantics of the derived diminutives and the semantics of the bases. The meaning of a diminutive can be motivated by all the possible meanings of the base word, but far more often by only one of the lexical meanings, mostly by the primary lexicographic meaning. Furthermore, there are numerous cases in the Kajkavian Croatian literary language in which diminutives have developed meanings that are in no way related to the semantics of the base word, as well as diminutives that – mostly through the process of metaphorization – have developed terminological meanings. A semantic classification of diminutives is suggested, with three basic categories: objective diminutives, expressive diminutives, and terminological diminutives. Objective diminutives have the primary meaning of “small”, be it in a spatial or a temporal sense. Expressive diminutives have the meaning of “small”, but can convey further meanings as well, for example, affection or scorn. The meaning of such diminutives is often only comprehensible through context. Several terminological diminutives, which have developed non-diminutive semantics, are also presented

    Enhanced Magnetic Anisotropy of Mn12-acetate

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    Thin films of the Single Molecule Magnet (Mn12-acetate) have been fabricated on a Si-substrate by the Dip-and-Dry method, a simple and robust technique. Atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations reveal that homogeneous, thin films of a few molecular layers with smoothness at the molecular level are deposited. Significant changes in magnetic properties of Mn12-acetate exposed to the same solvent were observed in zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization, as well as ac-susceptibility measurements. The blocking temperature was found to increase to TB > 10 K at low magnetic fields, indicating an enhanced magnetic anisotropy.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure
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