Morcegos da Chapada do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil

Chapada do Araripe is a plateau located within the Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil between the states of Ceará, Pernambuco and Piauí. Altimetry has great variation, giving a variety of vegetation and environmental dynamics distinct from other Caatinga areas. With the aim of increasing the meager information on biodiversity of the Caatinga, between 2010 and 2012 we conducted a survey of bats in five locations in the Chapada do Araripe, in counties of Barbalha and Jardim, Ceará, and Serrita in Pernambuco. Our survey recorded 25 species in six families resulting in the capture of 201 individuals. Sampling recorded three new records for Ceará State, Sturnira tildae, Pteronotus gymnonotus, Cynomops planirostris and Promops nasutus. A compilation of the literature revealed that in the Chapado do Araripe occur 49 bat species distributed in eight families, representing 64% of bat species in the Caatinga.A Chapada do Araripe é um planalto localizado dentro do domínio da Caatinga no nordeste brasileiro entre os Estados do Ceará, Pernambuco e Piauí. Possui uma grande variação altimétrica, o que confere uma variedade de fitofisionomias e uma dinâmica ambiental distinta das demais áreas de Caatinga. Com o objetivo de incrementar as parcas informações sobre a biodiversidade da Caatinga apresentamos aqui o resultado de um levantamento de espécies de morcegos, realizado entre 2010 e 2012, em cinco localidades da Chapada do Araripe, nos municípios de Barbalha e Jardim, no Ceará, e Serrita, em Pernambuco. Nosso levantamento registrou 25 espécies distribuídas em seis famílias, resultante da captura de 201 indivíduos. A amostragem registrou quatro novas ocorrências para o Estado do Ceará, Sturnira tildae, Pteronotus gymnonotus, Cynomops planirostris e Promops nasutus. Uma compilação da literatura revelou que na Chapada do Araripe ocorrem 49 espécies de morcegos distribuídas em oito famílias, o que representa 64% das espécies de morcegos da Caatinga

Taxocenose de morcegos em remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil

The process of habitat fragmentation has been intensified by human action, and therefore becomes increasingly more important to establish protected areas for conservation of native species, including with the participation of private entities. Wildlife surveys are essential to understanding the regional patterns of biological diversity, allowing a better characterization of the geographic distribution of specific taxa, supporting an adequate planning for nature conservation. We conducted an inventory of bats in a fragmented area of Atlantic Forest at Private Reserve of Natural Heritage Fazenda Lagoa, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. With 110 captures, we recorded 16 species of bats belonging to four families, with dominance of generalist frugivorous species. Seven of the 10 trophic guilds categorized for Neotropical bats were recorded at the study area. This study adds important information about a region that represents a gap in the knowledge of Brazilian chiropterofauna, subsidizing possible conservation plans in the future.Keywords: Chiroptera, conservation, private reserve, survey, trophic guild.O processo de fragmentação de habitat tem sido intensificado pela ação humana. Por isso torna-se cada vez mais importante o estabelecimento de áreas protegidas para conservação das espécies nativas, inclusive com a participação do setor privado. Levantamentos de fauna são essenciais para se compreender os padrões regionais de diversidade biológica, permitindo uma melhor caracterização da distribuição geográfica de táxons específicos, subsidiando planejamentos adequados para a conservação da natureza. Assim, realizamos um inventário de morcegos em área de Floresta Atlântica intensamente fragmentada na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Fazenda Lagoa, sul de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil. Foram realizadas 110 capturas e registradas 16 espécies de morcegos distribuídas em quatro famílias, havendo acentuada dominância de espécies frugívoras generalistas. Sete das 10 guildas tróficas reconhecidas para morcegos neotropicais foram registradas na área de estudo. Este estudo adiciona importantes informações sobre uma região que representa uma lacuna no conhecimento da quiropterofauna brasileira, subsidiando possíveis planos de conservação no futuro.Palavras-chave: Chiroptera, conservação, levantamento, reserva privada, guilda trófica

Morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em remanescente de Floresta Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil

Biodiversity inventories are essential to generate information leading to the proposal of conservation plans, especially for threatened areas. Despite being one of the best sampled regions for bats in Brazil, some areas of Rio de Janeiro still represent knowledge gaps. Between May 2011 and June 2012, we performed 36 nightly samplings to conduct an inventory of bat species in Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, in Cachoeiras de Macacu, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. We used 10 mist-nets per night opened from sunset to sunrise. A total of 1,290 individuals belonging to 31 bat species were caught. They were distributed in three families, Phyllostomidae (24 species), Vespertilionidae (four species) and Molossidae (three species). We recorded two other species of two families, Noctilionidae and Thyropteridae, by direct observations. The species richness of bats in Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu is one of the largest ever recorded in the Atlantic Forest.Keywords: rainforest, species richness, abundance, biodiversity inventory.Inventários de biodiversidade são essenciais para gerar informações que levem à proposta de planos de conservação, especialmente para áreas ameaçadas. Apesar do estado do Rio de Janeiro ser a região com maior número de amostragens de morcegos no Brasil, algumas áreas ainda representam lacunas de conhecimento. Entre maio de 2011 e junho de 2012, realizamos 36 amostragens noturnas para inventariar as espécies de morcegos da Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, no município de Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizadas 10 redes-de-neblina por noite, abertas do anoitecer ao amanhecer. Um total de 1.290 indivíduos pertencentes a 31 espécies de morcegos foi capturado. As espécies estão distribuídas em três famílias, Phyllostomidae (24 espécies), Vespertilionidae (quatro espécies) e Molossidae (três espécies). Duas outras espécies, das famílias Noctilionidae e Thyropteridae, foram registradas por observações diretas. A riqueza de morcegos da Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu é uma das maiores já registradas na Floresta Atlântica.Palavras-chave: floresta úmida, riqueza de espécies, abundância, inventário de biodiversidade

Enhancing sampling design in mist-net bat surveys by accounting for sample size optimization

The advantages of mist-netting, the main technique used in Neotropical bat community studies to date, include logistical implementation, standardization and sampling representativeness. Nonetheless, study designs still have to deal with issues of detectability related to how different species behave and use the environment. Yet there is considerable sampling heterogeneity across available studies in the literature. Here, we approach the problem of sample size optimization. We evaluated the common sense hypothesis that the first six hours comprise the period of peak night activity for several species, thereby resulting in a representative sample for the whole night. To this end, we combined re-sampling techniques, species accumulation curves, threshold analysis, and community concordance of species compositional data, and applied them to datasets of three different Neotropical biomes (Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado). We show that the strategy of restricting sampling to only six hours of the night frequently results in incomplete sampling representation of the entire bat community investigated. From a quantitative standpoint, results corroborated the existence of a major Sample Area effect in all datasets, although for the Amazonia dataset the six-hour strategy was significantly less species-rich after extrapolation, and for the Cerrado dataset it was more efficient. From the qualitative standpoint, however, results demonstrated that, for all three datasets, the identity of species that are effectively sampled will be inherently impacted by choices of sub-sampling schedule. We also propose an alternative six-hour sampling strategy (at the beginning and the end of a sample night) which performed better when resampling Amazonian and Atlantic Forest datasets on bat assemblages. Given the observed magnitude of our results, we propose that sample representativeness has to be carefully weighed against study objectives, and recommend that the trade-off between logistical constraints and additional sampling performance should be carefully evaluated

Old Methods, New Insights: Reviewing Concepts on the Ecology of Trypanosomatids and <i>Bodo</i> sp. by Improving Conventional Diagnostic Tools

Mixed infections by different Trypanosoma species or genotypes are a common and puzzling phenomenon. Therefore, it is critical to refine the diagnostic techniques and to understand to what extent these methods detect trypanosomes. We aimed to develop an accessible strategy to enhance the sensitivity of the hemoculture, as well as to understand the limitations of the hemoculture and the blood clot as a source of parasitic DNA. We investigated trypanosomatid infections in 472 bats by molecular characterization (18S rDNA gene) of the DNA obtained from the blood clot and, innovatively, from three hemoculture sample types: the amplified flagellates (“isolate”), the pellet of the culture harvested in its very initial growth stage (“first aliquot”), and the pellet of non-grown cultures with failure of amplification (“sediment”). We compared (a) the characterization of the flagellates obtained by first aliquots and isolates; and (b) the performance of the hemoculture and blood clot for trypanosomatid detection. We observed: (i) a putative new species of Bodo in Artibeus lituratus; (ii) the potential of Trypanosoma cruzi selection in the hemoculture; (iii) that the first aliquots and sediments overcome the selective pressure of the hemoculture; and (iv) that the blood clot technique performs better than the hemoculture. However, combining these methods enhances the detection of single and mixed infections

Location map.

<p>Location of the study region of all three datasets. Dark green, light green and orange indicate the Amazon forest biome, the Atlantic forest biome, and the Brazilian Cerrado biome, respectively. 1: Amazonia dataset; 2: Atlantic Forest dataset; 3: Cerrado dataset. Source data used for this map was downloaded from MapBiomas [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0174067#pone.0174067.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>].</p

Species responses in TITAN sorted by rarity and functional attributes.

<p>(A-B) Proportions of species with negative, positive and non-significant thresholds, and classed in terms of both rarity and functional groups. (D-F) TITAN results for individual species (or groups), presenting significant change points and 90% confidence limits; points are scaled in proportion to the magnitude of the response. Species codes on vertical axes: species number_ functional group_ rarity group, see text for codes.</p

Species compositional patterns.

<p>Congruence between the six-hour sampling strategies and randomly generated subsamples (null model) of the entire community for each dataset. (A, B, C) Calculations were performed on the basis of the Jaccard dissimilarity using presence/absence matrices. (D, E, F) Calculations were performed on the basis of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity using abundance matrices. Solid circle: six-hour sampling strategy; Black cross: six-hour-B sampling strategy.</p

Isolation and characterization of trypanosomatids, including Crithidia mellificae, in bats from the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2019-09-20T18:12:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DianaRangel_AndreRoque_etal_IOC_2019.pdf: 2005463 bytes, checksum: 14ddcbbe04e8bbda6651e90f3da001a9 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2019-09-20T18:27:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DianaRangel_AndreRoque_etal_IOC_2019.pdf: 2005463 bytes, checksum: 14ddcbbe04e8bbda6651e90f3da001a9 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-20T18:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DianaRangel_AndreRoque_etal_IOC_2019.pdf: 2005463 bytes, checksum: 14ddcbbe04e8bbda6651e90f3da001a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Fiocruz Mata Atlântica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Fiocruz Mata Atlântica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Departamento de Ecologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Fiocruz Mata Atlântica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.We studied infection by Trypanosomatidae in bats captured in two areas with different degradation levels in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state: Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) and Estação Fiocruz Mata Atla ˆntica (EFMA). Furthermore, we evaluated whether the diversity of trypanosomatids changes according to bat diversity and the different levels of preservation in the region. The results showed no influence of the level of preservation on bat species richness (15 and 14 species, respectively), with similar chiropterofauna and higher abundance of two common fruit-eating bat species in the tropics: Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus lituratus. Of the 181 bat specimens analyzed by LIT/Schneider hemoculture, we detected 24 infected individuals (13%), including one positive Sturnira lilium individual that was also positive by fresh blood examination. Molecular characterization using nested PCR targeting the 18 SSU rRNA-encoding gene fragment showed similar trypanosomatid infection rates in bats from the two areas: 15% in REGUA and 11% in EFMA (p = 0.46). Trypanosoma dionisii was the most frequently detected parasite (54%), followed by T. cruzi DTUs TcI and TcIV and Trypanosoma sp., in Neotropical phyllostomid bats (RNMO63 and RNMO56); mixed infections by T. dionisii/T. cruzi TcIII and T. dionisii/T. cruzi TcI were also observed. The T. cruzi DTUs TcI and TcIV are the genotypes currently involved in cases of acute Chagas disease in Brazil, and T. dionisii was recently found in the heart tissue of an infected child. Surprisingly, we also describe for the first time Crithidia mellificae, a putative monoxenous parasite from insects, infecting a vertebrate host in the Americas. Bats from the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state harbor a great diversity of trypanosomatids, maintaining trypanosomatid diversity in this sylvatic environment