PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CRATEVA ADANSONII EXTRACTS

Objective: This study aims to search the secondary metabolites of Crateva adansonii (leaves and bark) and evaluate some biological activities (antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity's property) of these extracts.Methods: The phytochemical screening was made with standard method. Agar diffusion method was used for antibacterial activity coupled with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Bactericidal (MBC) determination. The antifungal test was performed by the mycelial development reduction method. DPPH method was used to evaluate the extracts antioxidant activity. Artemia salina larvae were use as support to evaluate the toxicity of the extracts.Results: The results of the phytochemical screening reveal the presence of polyphenols, triterpenoids, and glycosides in the both organs (leaves and bark) of C. adansonii. All the extracts have low activity on the reference strains with a larger diameter of 17±00 mm (S. oralis). Only the ethanolic and hydroethanolic leaf's extracts inhibited respectively 20% and 10%, of the clinical strain S. aureus. The ethyl acetate leaf's extract shows the best antifungal activity (89,19%) with A. clavatus. All extracts present dose-dependent antiradical properties and are non-toxic for the cells of Artemia salina. C. adansonii bark extracts had the best reducing power (23,80±0, 137 mmol/g EqAA EAA) of the DPPH radical.Conclusion: C. adansonii is therefore an active principle source for the development of drugs to antimicrobial and antioxidant activitie

Valeur Ethnobotanique De Annona Muricata Utilisee Dans Le Traitement De Certaines Pathologies Au Sud-Benin

L’utilisation d’Annona muricata dans le traitement de diverses pathologies humaines prend de plus en plus d’ampleur au Bénin. Le but de la présente étude est de faire l’inventaire des maladies traitées par l’utilisation de cette plante. Pour ce faire, une enquête ethnobotanique a été réalisée auprès de 77 herboristes et 170 tradithérapeutes des Départements de l’Ouémé et du Plateau, du Littoral, de l’Atlantique et du Mono. Les données collectées étaient relatives à la structure écologique de l’arbre Annona muricata, aux différents organes utilisés et les maladies traitées, au mode d’emploi, etc. Ces données ont été analysées avec le logiciel SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) pour la détermination des statistiques descriptives en termes de pourcentage et de moyenne. Il ressort de l’étude que les acteurs enquêtés étaient majoritairement des hommes (74,9%),non scolarisés (40,1%), d’origine Goun (27,1%), Cotafon (19,8%) et Nago (18,2%). Les caractéristiques écologiques de A. muricata ont varié significativement (p<0,05) selon les enquêtés. Le mode de multiplication de l’arbre, selon les enquêtés,se fait principalement par la graine (82,6%). Les principaux organes d’Annonamuricata utilisés pour le traitement des maladies sont majoritairement le fruit (86,2%), la feuille (66,4%) et l’écorce (62,8%). Les principaux modes de préparation des organes étaient la tisane (97,2%), ladécoction (93,5%), et la poudre (76,9%). L’Annonamuricata était majoritairement utilisé, selon les enquêtés, pour le traitement de l’insomnie (70,9%), le cancer (70%), le paludisme (59,9%), l’hypertension artérielle (58,7%), le vertige (57,5)…Ainsi, vu les résultats, ce travail a permis de connaitre la valeur ethnobotanique d’Annona muricata. The use of Annona muricata(A. muricata) in the treatment of various human pathologies is becoming more and more widespread in Benin. The aim of this study was to inventory the diseases treated by the use of this plant. For this purpose, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out among 77 herbalists and 170 traditional therapists from the Departments of Ouémé and Plateau, Littoral, Atlantic and Mono. The data collected was relative, to the ecological structure of the Annona muricata tree, the different organs used and the diseases treated, the use instructions, etc. The data was collected in the form of a questionnaire. These data had been analysed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software for the determination of descriptive statistics in terms of percentage and average. The study showed that the majority of the actorssurveyed were men (74.9%), unschooled (40.1%), ethnic groups as Goun (27.1%), Cotafon (19.8%) and Nago (18.2%). The ecological characteristics of A. muricatavaried significantly (p<0.05) according to the surveyed actors. The main method of multiplication of the tree is by seeds (82.6%). The main organs of Annona muricata used for diseases treatment were usually the fruit (86.2%), the leaf (66.4%) and the bark (62.8%). According to the actors, Annona muricata was mainly used for the treatment of insomnia (70.9%), cancer (70%), malaria (59.9%), high blood pressure (58.7%), vertigo (57.5), etc. The main method of organ preparation was herbal tea (97.2%), decoction (93.5%), and powder (76.9%). Therefore, at the results showed, this study allowed to know ethnobotanic value of Annona muricata

Molecular characterization and Antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli extended-spectrum β-lactamases producer strains isolated from urine samples in Benin

Urinary tract infections are the second common reason of medical consultations and antibiotics prescription. Escherichia coli is known to cause most urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was to characterize and determine the antibiotic resistance profile of E. coli extended-spectrum βlactamases (ESBL) producer strains isolated from urine samples. The urine samples collected came from hospitalized and non-hospitalized patient referred to Hubert Koutoukou Manga (HKM), National and University Hospital Center (Cotonou, Benin). The resistance to antibiotics was determined according to the disk diffusion method. The production of penicillinase and ESBLs was researched respectively by the acidimetric test and double disk synergy method. The presences of genes encoding βlactamases were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Our data revealed that 60 % of E. coli strains (101) were isolated from female patients. Also, 69.31 % of the strains were isolated from non-hospitalized patients. The high resistance levels were recorded with amoxicillin (96.04 %) and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (66.34 %). Twenty percent (20%) of strains were ESBLs. Among ESBLs strains, 70% comes from non-hospitalized patients. Eighty percent of E. coli strains produced penicillinase among which 25 % were ESBL producers. All the ESBL producers strains carried blaTEM gene whereas only 30 % carried the blaSHV gene. This study updates the data on the prevalence to antibiotic resistance of E. coli ESBL producers strains for better management of urinary tract infections

ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT, CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF COLA ACUMINATA USED IN BENIN

Objective: The aim of this study was to make a phytochemical screening and measure some biological activities of Cola acuminata's seeds and leaves extracts.Methods: The secondary metabolite was detected by the method based on coloring and precipitation differential reactions. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed in vitro by the macrodillution and solid medium agar diffusion method. 2,2-diphényl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the tested extracts of which larval cytotoxicity was studied.Results: Our data revealed that the seeds contain more polyphenols than the leaves. The seeds extracts displayed a good antibacterial activity against both reference strains and food Staphylococcus strains. The inhibition diameters varied from 7±2.82 to 21.5±4.94 mm. The smallest Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) on the food strains (0.08 mg/ml) is twice less than the reference strains one (0.15 mg/ml), this observation is contrary to the Minimum Bactericidal concentrations (MBC). Susceptibility of fungal strains varies according to the extracts (p = 0.0016). The seeds ethyl acetate extracts had the best antioxidant activity with DPPH and ABTS methods. The Lethal Doses (LD50) showed that no extract was toxic.Conclusion: Cola acuminata seeds are richer than the leaves in compounds with biological activities. These two organs have interesting antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activity variables depending to the extracts. The seeds have better biological activity than the leaves.Â

Ethnobotanical Survey of Two Medicinal Plants (Heliotropium indicum L., Abrus precatorius L.,) Used in Traditional Medicine in West Africa

Since the time of our ancestors, natural products issued from plant play a therapeutic crucial role. About 25-30% of all medicines (drugs) available for the treatment of diseases are derived from natural products (from plants, animals, bacteria and fungi) or are derivatives of natural products. The aim of this research was to scientifically identify and supply tangible documentation on these two plants employed in the traditional medicine. From November 2020 to February 2021, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted within four markets at the south of Benin, employing a semistructured questionnaire. Two hundred respondents including 80% of females and 20% of males were interviewed. The 2 studied plants are mainly used for different types of sickness related to infections. Females’ herbalists are the most represented. From this research, it appears that the 2 plants are widely used for the treatment of severe infections. On the market, 95% of the leafy steam are sold against 5% of the roots for both plants. The main preparation way is decoction. Oral use is reported to be common in all region. The value of samples sold varies from 200F CFA (Financial Cooperation of Africa) to 1000F CFA. The decoctions are usually obtained through one of a mix of different types of plants. Traditional knowledge is transmitted from one generation to another by oral education. Till today there was no record found. During our study, we did no record prohibition or side effect related to these plants’ use. These medicinal plants occupy a crucial place within the therapeutic arsenal of west Africa. Our results constitute a vital tool to determine the true potentials of these plants. These results could lead to new improved traditional medicine

Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of Combretum adenogonium Leaves Extracts

Combretum adenogonium is beniniens pharmacopoeia medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases. This work aims to study the phytochemical and assess some biological activities of C. adenogonium leaves extracts. The phytochemical analysis (qualitative et quantitative) was conducted by standard analytical chemistry method. Antioxydant activity was evaluated by the DPPH method. Antibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro with 10 references strains , 10 Staphylococcus strains isolated from European Scientific Journal October 2017 edition Vol.13, No.30 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 359 meat products and 10 clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Buruli ulcer lesions and pus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Bactericidal (CMB) were determined by macrodilution method. The extracts cytotoxic effect was evaluated with Artemia salina larvae. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, saponin and triterpenoids. The methanolique extract present the higest content (450.66 ± 0.004 µg EAG/mg) of total polyphenolic compound. The results showed the good antioxidant activity. The inhibitory diameter zone vary (p < 0.001) according to the strains. The largest medium inhibitory diameter (21.85 ± 0.17 mm) was obtained with the ethanolic extract, while the lowest (6.00 ±0.00 mm) were recorded with water-ethanol extract. The variation between CMI and CMB is not significant (p > 0.05). The higher LD50 (27.66 mg/ml) was recorded with methanol extract. The results of this study confirm some use of C. Adenogonium extracts. But; these extracts must be use with moderatio

Évaluation de l’activité antimicrobienne de quatre feuilles utilisées comme emballages dans l’artisanat agroalimentaire au Bénin.

Objectif : Le présent travail vise à évaluer l’activité antimicrobienne des extraits de quatre feuilles (Thalia geniculata, Musa spp, Manihot esculenta et Daniellia oliveri) utilisées comme emballages alimentaires au Bénin.Méthodologie et Résultats : Les extraits aqueux, éthanolique, hydroéthanolique, hexanique et acétate d’éthyle ont été testés sur la croissance in vitro de 10 souches de références par la méthode de diffusion en milieu solide. Les Concentrations Minimales Inhibitrices (CMI) et Bactéricides (CMB) ont été déterminées respectivement par les méthodes de macro-dilution en milieu liquide et ensemencement sur milieu gélosé. Les rendements à l’extraction varient d’une plante à une autre en fonction des solvants utilisés. De même la susceptibilité des souches microbiennes varie d’une espèce à une autre. Globalement les CMI sont élevées, excepté pour D. oliveri qui donné0, 78 mg/ml (E. coli) et 1,56 mg/ml (S. aureus). Par ailleurs, Thaila généticulata présente une CMI de 6, 25 mg/ml sur S. oralis. En général, les extraits présentent une plus forte activité sur les bactéries Gram+ que les Gram-.Conclusion et applications : Les résultats obtenus confirment les observations des productrices des denrées alimentaires qui pensent que Daniellia oliveri et Thalia geniculata utilisées comme emballages alimentaires conservent mieux les aliments au cours de leur stockage. Les extraits de ces plantes peuvent être utilisés comme des agents antimicrobiens pour la conservation des denrées alimentaires emballées. Il est souhaitable que les mêmes travaux se poursuivent sur les autres espèces de plantes identifiées et utilisées dans l’artisanat agroalimentaire en Afrique.Mots-clés : Concentration Minimale Inhibitrice ; Concentration Minimale Bactéricide ; antibiogramme ; Musa spp; Manihot esculenta; Daniellia oliveri; Thalia geniculataABSTRACTObjectives: Plant leaves used as food packaging having thus a protective effect could present an advantage if they have preservative effect on the packaged food. The present work aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts of four species sheets (Thalia geniculata, Musa spp, Daniellia oliveri and Manihot esculenta) used as food packaging.Methodology and results: The research approach was to make the extracts of each of these plants with appropriate solutions. Then, susceptibility testing was performed with the extracts in order to determine the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of each of the reference strains used (Gram + and Gram -; Yeast and Mould). It appeared that the highest extraction yields are of the order of 20.8% for Manihot esculenta, 11.6% for Daniellia oliveri extract in aqueous medium. The lowest yield was around 0.2% for Musa sp extracted with hexane solution. Overall, the MIC of the test plants were greater than 100 mg / ml, except for Daniellia oliveri has an MIC of 0,78mg/ml and 1.56 mg / ml, respectively E. coli and S.aureus and 3, 12 mg / ml for P. aerpginas. Furthermore, Thaila généticulata has a MIC of 6.25 mg /ml of S. oralis. It shows that among the four species of plants studied, Daniellia oliveri and Thalia geniculata have relatively stronger antimicrobial activities while Musa spp and Manihot esculenta are less active. In general, the extracts have a higher activity on Gram + bacteria.Conclusion and application of findings: The results confirm the observations of food processors who think that Daniellia oliveri and Thalia geniculata used as food packaging preserve better foods during storage. Extract from the investigated plants can be used as biological antimicrobial agent for the long storage of the packaged foods. Future investigation should be performed on other species of plants identified and used as vegetal food packaging in Africa.Keywords : Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ; Minimum bactericidal concentration ; susceptibility; Musa spp; Manihot esculenta; Daniellia oliveri; Thalia geniculat

ETIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIAL PHARYNGO-TONSILLITIS IN BENIN

<p>The term pharyngo-tonsillitis refers to inflammation and infection of the mucosa and lymphatic elements of the oropharynx: lymphoid structures and tonsils. This work aimed to determine in all tonsillitis, the proportion of bacterial tonsillitis, their clinical presentation in order to identify the germs involved and the treatment administered at the Padre Pio Humanitarian Health Center (CSVH) in Cotonou and at the Vallee de Grace Medical Clinic in Abomey-Calavi (CMVG). To achieve the objective of this work, a prospective analytical and descriptive study was carried out at the CSVH and the CVGAB over a period of 12 months (July 2022 to June 2023). The patients in whom the diagnosis of pharyngo-tonsillitis was made and the bacterial etiology confirmed after a throat swabwere considered in this study. The variables age, sex, months, clinical signs, etiology and treatment were taken into account. In total, 272 cases of pharyngo-tonsillitis out of 2896 consultations in pediatrics and ENT in the health facilities serving as the framework for the study, representing a prevalence of 9.39% with a monthly average of 22.67 cases. Among the 272 cases of pharyngo-tonsillitis, the bacterial origin was confirmed with 143 cases, representing a proportion of 52.57%. The bacteria involved were: S. pyogenes (41.38%), S.aureus (18.62%), S. pneumoniae (14.48%), S. viridans (14.48%). The isolated bacteria were sensitive mainly to antibiotics in varying proportions: Imipenem (100%), Ceftriaxone (67.57%), Cefixime (66.22%), Amoxicillin clavulanic acid (59.46%) and Cefuroxime (58.78%). %). Antibiotic therapy was dominated by amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (27.52%) followed by the 3rd generation cephalosporinscefixime (25.50%) and cefuroxime (14.09%).Bacterial origin represents 52.57% of pharyngo-tonsillitis in Benin this high rate is compatible with the probabilistic antibiotic therapy commonly used forpharyngo-tonsillitis in clinical practice where cytobacteriological examination is not easy.</p><p> </p&gt

Exploring New Antioxidant and Mineral Compounds from Nymphaea alba Wild-Grown in Danube Delta Biosphere

Nymphaea alba is an aquatic flowering plant from the Nymphaeaceae family that has been used for hundreds of years in traditional herbal medicine. The plant is characterized by different phytochemicals, depending on the geographical location. Herein, we have carried out, for the first time, the separation and HPLC-MS/MS identification of some antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols and flavonoids from N. alba extracts from the Danube Delta Biosphere, and investigated their possible antiradical properties. An ultrasonic method has been exhaustively used for the extraction of the antioxidant compounds from the different anatomic parts of N. alba (fruit, flower, leaf, stem, and root). The extracts that were obtained using ultrasound irradiation showed a large polyphenol (19.42 mg EqGA/100 mg extract) and flavonoid (0.97 mg EqQ/100 mg extract) content. The fruit and flower extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity index (AAI). Among the 27 phytochemical compounds identified in all of the N. alba extracts, rutin and p-coumaric acid were found as the major components. The content of macroelements and microelements in N. alba extracts were compared, and it was found that their concentrations depend on the different anatomic parts of the plant. This research contributes to the study of Nymphaeaceae family, being the first exhaustive phytochemical study of N. alba from a wild population in Romania

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Cola nitida

Kola nut is chewed in many West African cultures and is used ceremonially. The aim of this study is to investigate some biological effects of Cola nitida’s bark after phytochemical screening. The bark was collected, dried, and then powdered for the phytochemical screening and extractions. Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. nitida were used in this study. The antibacterial activity was tested on ten reference strains and 28 meat isolated Staphylococcus strains by disc diffusion method. The antifungal activity of three fungal strains was determined on the Potato-Dextrose Agar medium mixed with the appropriate extract. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS methods. Our data revealed the presence of various potent phytochemicals. For the reference and meat isolated strains, the inhibitory diameter zone was from 17.5±0.7 mm (C. albicans) to 9.5±0.7 mm (P. vulgaris). The MIC ranged from 0.312 mg/mL to 5.000 mg/mL and the MBC from 0.625 mg/mL to >20 mg/mL. The highest antifungal activity was observed with F. verticillioides and the lowest one with P. citrinum. The two extracts have an excellent reducing free radical activity. The killing effect of A. salina larvae was perceptible at 1.04 mg/mL. The purified extracts of Cola nitida’s bark can be used to hold meat products and also like phytomedicine