El problema mapuche

Le peuple mapuche a su résister à l’empire inca et à la couronne d’Espagne grâce à un héritage culturel et une organisation guerrière exceptionnels. Au début du XIXe siècle, la naissance de la république du Chili ouvre une nouvelle ère durant laquelle le peuple originaire va être considéré comme l’ennemi interne. Par conséquent, l’Etat chilien va non seulement utiliser la loi mais aussi la force pour soumettre définitivement l’indigène.The Mapuche people knew how to stand up against the Inca empire and the Spanish Crown thanks to exceptional cultural heritage and warlike organization. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the birth of the Chilean Republic gave rise to a new era during which the native people were to be regarded as the internal enemy. Consequently, not only was the Chilean government going to use the law, and force as well in order to subjugate the natives once and for all.El pueblo mapuche pudo resistir al imperio inca y a la Corona española gracias a una herencia cultural y una organización militar excepcionales. Al principio del siglo XIX, la naciente república chilena abre una nueva época durante la cual el pueblo originario se verá tratado como el enemigo interno. Por ende, el Estado chileno no sólo va a utilizar la ley sino también la fuerza para someter definitivamente al indígena

Prevalência da sintomatologia em pacientes com epicondilite lateral crónica

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em FisioterapiaObjetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de sintomatologia em pacientes com epicondilite lateral crónica e o seu impacto na vida dos pacientes. Metodologia: Estudo observacional transversal cuja amostra foi constituída por 19 participantes diagnosticados com epicondilite lateral com evolução superior a três meses, no qual foi avaliada a intensidade de dor através de uma escala numérica, a força de preensão por dinamometria, a funcionalidade do membro superior pelo QuickDASH e a qualidade de vida através do WHOQOL-Bref, antes do programa de reabilitação ter início. Resultados: Os participantes apresentaram dor em repouso (5.00(6.00)) e em actividade (7.00(5.00)), menor força muscular no membro ipsilateral (homens: 42.63±10.58/ mulheres: 22.47±6.74) e no membro contralateral (homens: 40.82±9.35/ mulheres: 21.07±7.15), diminuição da funcionalidade do membro superior (44.37±19.38) e da qualidade de vida (75.79±13.54). Verificou-se que a diminuição da funcionalidade se correlacionou com a diminuição da qualidade de vida (p<0.01), da força muscular ispilateral (p<0.05) e contralateral (p<0.05), com o aumento da intensidade de dor (p<0.01) e com a maior duração dos sintomas (p<0.05). Conclusão: Indivíduos com epicondilite lateral crónica parecem apresentar um conjunto de sintomas locais que têm um impacto negativo em termos funcionais e da sua qualidade de vida.Aim: To assess the prevalence of symptoms in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis. Methodology: Cross-sectional observational study whose sample consisted of 19 participants diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis with an evolution of more than three months, in which pain intensity was assessed by a numerical scale, grip strength by dynamometry, upper limb functionality by QuickDASH and quality of life by WHOQOL-Bref, before the rehabilitation programme began. Results: Participants presented pain at rest (5.00(6.00)) and during activity (7.00(5.00)), lower muscle strength (M: 42.63±10.58 / F: 22.47±6.74), decreased upper limb functionality (44.37±19.38) and quality of life (75.79±13.54). It was found that decreased functionality correlated with decreased quality of life (p<0.01), ispilateral (p<0.05) and contralateral (p<0.05) muscle strength, increased pain intensity (p<0.01) and longer symptom duration (p<0.05). Conclusion: Individuals with chronic lateral epicondylitis seem to present a set of local symptoms that have a negative impact on their function and quality of life.N/

A Review of Pneumatic Actuators Used for the Design of Medical Simulators and Medical Tools

International audienc

Towards Sustainable and Smart Cities: Replicable and KPI-Driven Evaluation Framework

Sustainability is pivotal in the urban transformation strategy in order to reach more resource-efficient, resilient and smarter cities. The goal of being a sustainable city should drive the decisions for city interventions, and measuring city progress is a key step for this process. There are many initiatives aiming at defining indicators and assessment procedures, but there is no convergence in the definition of terms and application methodologies, making their real implementation complex. Within mySMARTLife project (GA#731297), a KPI-driven evaluation framework has been defined with the aim of covering the multiple pillars of a smart and sustainable city (i.e., environment, energy, mobility, ICT, citizens, economy, governance) in a holistic way. This methodology also defines the concepts and terms to guide urban planners and/or experts at the time of implementing the framework for any specific city. The evaluation framework has been deployed in the cities of Nantes, Hamburg and Helsinki, and some lessons have been learned, such as the necessity of providing a definition of measurement boundary to avoid biased interpretations. Due to a co-creation strategy, the main issues from the cities have been taken into consideration in order to increase the replicability of the results.The authors would like to thank, first, the EC for funding and supporting mySMARTLife project under GA#731297. Second, the authors would like to thank the rest of consortium of mySMARTLife for the contributions in the definition of the framework.Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i InfraestructuraObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats SosteniblesPostprint (published version

Retinoid acid receptors in human colorectal cancer: An unexpected link with patient outcome.

International audienceThe status of the three retinoic acid receptors (RARs) α, β and γ in human colorectal cancer (CRC) has not as yet been examined. RARs are in part responsible for the actions of the retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives), which are essential for human health and survival due to their extensive involvement in numerous cellular processes, in particular in epithelial morphology. The present study examined the expression of the three RARs in CRC using immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue sections. RAR expression in tumor (T) and adjacent non-tumor (NT) specimens from stage I (n=6), stage II (n=34), stage III (n=26) and stage IV (n=14) CRC patients was compared with that in normal mucous membranes (n=10) from control individuals. The findings were correlated with tumor grade, treatment response (progression during treatment, remission, chemoresistance) and survival as clinicopathological parameters. RARα and γ expression was decreased with CRC stage in the T tissues (P=0.016 and P=0.052, respectively), suggesting that they may be used as predictive markers. RARβ expression in the NT tissues was associated with a more favorable prognosis (P=0.04). These results provide important information on the tumor microenvironment (the area adjacent to tumor cells)

Sustainable Cities: A KPI-Driven Sustainable Evaluation Framework for Smart Cities

Cities are currently dealing with the sustainable transition from carbon-based economies to carbon-neutral cities. The H2020 mySMARTLife project seeks to demonstrate innovative technologies through the implementation of about 150 innovative energy solutions in the cites of Nantes, Hamburg and Helsinki. The evaluation framework that was defined and validated in the project enables the assessment of the environmental, energy, economic, social, ICT and governance aspects of replicable and sustainable smart city solutions with a high market potential. The main features and the process for their definition will be described in this paper.The authors would like to thank, first, the EC for funding and supporting mySMARTLife project under GA#731297. Secondly, the authors would like to thank the rest of consortium of mySMARTLife for the contributions in the definition of the framework.Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats SosteniblesPostprint (published version