Regional Variation in the Pattern of Maize Adoption and Use in Florida and Georgia

Dietary reconstruction using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from archaeological human bone samples from coastal Georgia and northern and Gulf Coast Florida dating between 400 B.C. and A.D. 1700 serves to illustrate the complexity of the agricultural transition in that region. Isotope analysis of 185 collagen samples drawn from early prehistoric, late prehistoric, and contact-period mortuary sites encompasses two major adaptive shifts in the region, namely the adoption of maize agriculture in late prehistory and the increased emphasis on maize during the mission period. Prior to European contact—and especially before the establishment of Spanish missions among the Guale, Yamasee, Timucua, and Apalachee tribal groups—diet was strongly influenced by local environmental factors. Before contact, coastal and inland populations had different patterns of food consumption, as did populations living in Georgia and Florida. Coastal populations consumed more marine and less terrestrial foods than inland populations. In general, maize was adopted during the eleventh century A.D. by virtually all Georgia populations. However, with the exception of the Lake Jackson site, a major Mississippian center in northern Florida, Florida populations show little use of maize before contact. Following European contact, maize became wide-spread, regardless of location or habitat within the broad region of Spanish Florida. Missionization appears to have been an important factor in the convergence of native diets toward agriculture and away from foraging. This increased emphasis on maize contributed to a decline in quality of life for native populations

Nutritional consequences of prehistoric subsistence strategies in lower Central America

This thesis presents new data on subsistence strategies and examines patterns of nutritional status of prehistoric populations that inhabited tropical coastal environments in lower Central America during the period from 5000 B.C. to A.D. 1550. The subsistence bases of archaeological populations are reconstructed using the stable carbon and stable nitrogen isotopic composition of human bone collagen. The effect of a monotonous diet of a starchy grain such as maize on the health of these populations is evaluated through the examination of individual human skeletal remains for macroscopic indications of nutritional stress.The skeletal remains of over 500 individuals from over twenty sites in Panama and Costa Rica were examined for patterns of subsistence and nutritional status. From this database, 284 individuals were sampled for stable isotope analysis for dietary reconstruction, and 309 individuals were examined for (1) infection, (2) porotic hyperostosis (iron-deficiency anemia), and (3) enamel hypoplasias.The results of the stable isotope analyses of the human bone collagen indicate that the prehistoric diets of lower Central America were generally mixed diets, including terrestrial and marine protein resources, with maize (Zea mays) as a carbohydrate source of varying importance through time. In central Pacific Panama, maize consumption peaked by 200 B.C.-A.D. 500 and maintained that level of consumption or declined slightly over the next 500-1000 years. In northwestern Costa Rica the importance of maize in the diet over the last 2500 years was high, but declined over time in favor of marine fish at sites along the coastal bays.Are any of the observed pathologies directly related to nutritional stress as a result of subsistence choices? Some populations show serious trends toward a particular food resource, such as marine fish or maize, but no food resource category was excessively consumed to the exclusion of all others. Of the groups examined here, each shows a different pattern of stress or infection on the skeleton. These patterns of stress do not seem to be directly related to specific nutritional deficiencies, but rather related to lifestyles associated with geography, settlement, sanitation, and subsistence strategies.U of I OnlyETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permissio