Сопоставительная славянская фразеология и паремиология: краеугольные камни и камни преткновения

The comparison of phraseological units of various Slavic languages is based on a unified system of concepts and their oppositions. Czech and Russian, Polish and Russian, Russian and Bulgarian, and Russian and Ukrainian idioms and paremias are studied in the article. Russian idioms such as белая ворона, паршивая овца and Polish biały kruk, czarna owca, Czech idioms obĕtní beránek and Russian жертвенный агнец, козел отпущения are examples of comparison. The sources of the material for the study are published bilingual dictionaries of phraseological units, as well as articles by linguists from different countries on this topic. Numerous semantic differences (connotations) were found that confirm the idiomatic character of each language. The equivalence of phraseological units is hindered by their polysemy and different semantic scope. And the content of proverbs reflects more the morality of society at a certain stage of its history than the linguistic image of the world. The influence of the national cultural background on the phraseological productivity (“phrasemogeneity”) of lexemes is demonstrated in the work. In particular, the words цървул, калпак, бъклица, трън, denoting the facts of rural life, are productive for Bulgarian phraseology. An attempt is made in the article to systematize the differential features that distinguish phraseological units of different languages. These are such oppositions as: “person” - “object”, “space” - “time”, “spiritual” - “material”, “assessment: approving/disapproving/neutral”, “external manifestation” - “internal state”, “scale: general - private”, and “stylistic coloring: from rough to sublime”. The depth and thoroughness of the semasiological analysis revise the thesis about the universal phraseological fund. The article discusses and develops some provisions of professor Valery Mokienko's concept. © Universidade Estadual Paulista, Fundacao Editora UNESP

Conflict between the Line and the Sentence in a Poetic Text

Поступила в редакцию: 29.04.2019. Принята к печати: 29.06.2020.Submitted: 29.04.2019. Accepted: 29.06.2020.В статье рассматривается соотношение и взаимодействие основных структурных единиц поэтического (стихотворного) текста: единицы метрической (строки) и грамматической (предложения). Строка и предложение (или его значимая структурная часть — синтагма) лишь в идеале соответствуют друг другу. На практике же метрическая организация стиха диктует свои порядки. Конфликт этих единиц в сознании читателя обусловливает процесс членения и понимания (осмысления) стихотворения. На различных примерах (заголовки стихотворений в оглавлениях сборников; использование подстрочий («лесенки»); анжамбеман; бессоюзные конструкции и др.) показано обычное для читателя главенство строки над предложением. Эти наблюдения подтверждаются статистическими данными поисковых запросов к «Яндексу» по поэтическим текстам. Строка принимает на себя организующие функции и в тех случаях, когда синтаксис фразы неясен или двусмыслен. При переносе части предложения на другую строку (анжамбемане) возникает психологический эффект обманутого ожидания, усложняющий процесс понимания. Если же стихотворение целиком построено на приеме анжамбемана, то это снижает его эффективность: читатель «привыкает» к приему и оценивает его как попытку словесной игры, своего рода штукарство. Компактность строки, «теснота стихотворного ряда» (Ю. Н. Тынянов) в сочетании с бессоюзной связью позволяет читателю реконструировать различные логические (временные, причинно-следственные, уступительные и пр.) связи между отдельными частями стихотворения. Делается общий вывод, что столкновение строки и предложения как двух видов членения текста способствует усилению эстетического эффекта последнего. Теоретические тезисы иллюстрируются примерами из русской поэзии (Б. Пастернак, М. Цветаева, А. Тарковский, И. Бродский, А. Кушнер, А. Парщиков и др.).This article considers the relationship and interaction of the main structural units of poetic text: metric (lines) and grammatical (sentences). The line and the sentence (or its significant structural part — syntagma) only ideally correspond to each other. In practice, however, the metrical organisation of the verse dictates its own rules. The conflict of these units in the reader’s consciousness causes a process of division and understanding (comprehension) of the poem. Referring to various examples, the author demonstrates the primacy of the line over the sentence which is normal for the reader (titles of poems in the table of contents collections; the use of stepwise lines; enjambements; asyndetic constructions, etc.). These observations are confirmed by statistical data of search queries for poetic texts in Yandex. The line also takes on organising functions in cases where the syntax of the phrase is unclear or ambiguous. When a part of a sentence is moved to another line (enjambement), there is a psychological effect of failed expectations that complicate the process of understanding. If the whole poem is built on enjambement, it reduces its efficiency: the reader “gets used” to receiving and evaluating it as a kind of wordplay. The compactness of the line, “the closeness of the poetic string” (Yu. Tynyanov) together with asyndeton allows the reader to reconstruct various logical (temporary, cause-and-effect, concessive, etc.) connections between different parts of the poem. The author concludes that the collision between the line and the sentence as two types of text division contributes to the aesthetic effect of the latter. The theoretical theses are substantiated with examples from Russian poetry (B. Pasternak, M. Tsvetaeva, A. Tarkovsky, I. Brodsky, A. Kushner, A. Parschikov, etc.).The research was supported by the UrFU Competitiveness Improvement Program for 2013–2020 (agreement No. 02.A03.21.0006), as well as the German Research Community (DFG), Research Center “Russian-Language Poetry in Transit”; University of Trier, Germany, FOR 2603.Исследование выполнено при поддержке Программы повышения конкурентоспособности УрФУ на 2013–2020 гг. (номер соглашения 02.А03.21.0006), а также Немецкого научно-исследовательского сообщества (DFG), Научный центр «Русскоязычная поэзия в транзите»; Трирский университет, Германия, FOR 2603

Special Pragmatics of the Third Person

Поступила в редакцию 05.01.2019. Принята к печати 21.06.2019.Submitted on 05 January, 2019. Accepted on 21 June, 2019.Категория грамматического лица служит для распределения синтаксических ролей среди участников речевого акта. Это типичный шифтер, обеспечивающий переход от языковой системы к речевой реальности (Р. Якобсон). 1-е лицо обозначает говорящего, 2-е лицо — слушающего (адресата речи). У 3-го лица особое положение в системе лиц: оно обозначает предмет или человека, не участвующего в акте общения. Поэтому некоторые ученые считают его «не-лицом» (Э. Бенвенист). Тем не менее, в русском языке встречаются ситуации, когда 3-е лицо используется для обозначения слушающего (адресата), и при этом передается или значение подчеркнутой вежливости (уважения) или, наоборот, антивежливости (неодобрения, возмущения и т. д.). В первом случае 3-е лицо подчеркивает особый статус адресата, например: Чего желает уважаемый гость? Для русского языка это несколько архаичное средство. Но существуют и современные жанровые условия, в которых 3-е лицо, используемое по отношению к собеседнику, получает положительную коннотацию. Это публичное интервью с известными личностями, когда обращение приобретает дополнительную репрезентативную функцию. Во втором случае 3-е лицо имеет негативную окраску, оно используется для демонстративного исключения собеседника из круга участников коммуникации (например, Она еще будет меня учить!). При этом смена лица (со 2-го на 3-е) может сопровождаться изменением грамматического времени или числа. В статье описываются сопутствующие языковые средства (выступающие вместе с 3-м лицом) и соответствующие дискурсивные условия. Во всех случаях использование 3-го лица по отношению к собеседнику представляет собой сильное прагматическое средство. Представлены примеры из русской художественной литературы.The category of grammatical person serves for the distribution of syntactic roles among the participants of speech acts. This is a typical shifter that provides the transition from the language system to speech reality. The first person denotes the speaker, while the second person denotes the person spoken to (hearer). The third person has a special position in the system of persons, i.e. it denotes an object or person who does not participate in the communicative act. Therefore, some scholars consider it “non-person” (É. Benveniste). Nevertheless, there are situations in the Russian language when the third person is used to designate the hearer, with either emphasised politeness (respect) or, vice versa, anti-politeness (disapprobation, indignation, etc.). In the first case, the third person emphasises the special status of the addressee, for example Чего желает уважаемый гость? For the Russian language, it is a somewhat archaic means. But there are modern genre conditions in which the third person used in relation to the interlocutor receives a positive connotation. This is a public interview with famous people when the appeal acquires an additional representative function. In the second case, the third person has a negative connotation; it is used to deliberately exclude the interlocutor from the circle of communication participants (for example Она еще будет меня учить!). In this case, a change of person (from second to third) may be accompanied by a change in the grammatical tense or number. In all cases, the use of the third person in relation to the interlocutor is a powerful pragmatic tool. The article refers to examples from Russian fiction.Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 16-18-02005 «Репрезентация и интерпретация внутреннего мира человека в русском языке: семантика, дискурс, прагматика»).The study was supported by a grant of the Russian Scientific Foundation (project 16-18-02005 “The Representation and Interpretation of Man’s Inner World in the Russian Language: Semantics, Discourse, Pragmatics”)

SpiroESTdb: a transcriptome database and online tool for sparganum expressed sequences tags

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sparganum (plerocercoid of <it>Spirometra erinacei</it>) is a parasite that possesses the remarkable ability to survive by successfully modifying its physiology and morphology to suit various hosts and can be found in various tissues, even the nervous system. However, surprisingly little is known about the molecular function of genes that are expressed during the course of the parasite life cycle. To begin to decipher the molecular processes underlying gene function, we constructed a database of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated from sparganum.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>SpiroESTdb is a web-based information resource that is built upon the annotation and curation of 5,655 ESTs data. SpiroESTdb provides an integrated platform for expressed sequence data, expression dynamics, functional genes, genetic markers including single nucleotide polymorphisms and tandem repeats, gene ontology and KEGG pathway information. Moreover, SpiroESTdb supports easy access to gene pages, such as (i) curation and query forms, (ii) <it>in </it><it>silico </it>expression profiling and (iii) BLAST search tools. Comprehensive descriptions of the sparganum content of all sequenced data are available, including summary reports. The contents of SpiroESTdb can be viewed and downloaded from the web (<url>http://pathod.cdc.go.kr/spiroestdb</url>).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This integrative web-based database of sequence data, functional annotations and expression profiling data will serve as a useful tool to help understand and expand the characterization of parasitic infections. It can also be used to identify potential industrial drug targets and vaccine candidate genes.</p

Differences in the faecal microbiome in Schistosoma haematobium infected children vs. uninfected children

BACKGROUND: Several infectious diseases and therapeutic interventions cause gut microbe dysbiosis and associated pathology. We characterised the gut microbiome of children exposed to the helminth Schistosoma haematobium pre- and post-treatment with the drug praziquantel (PZQ), with the aim to compare the gut microbiome structure (abundance and diversity) in schistosome infected vs. uninfected children. METHODS: Stool DNA from 139 children aged six months to 13 years old; with S. haematobium infection prevalence of 27.34% was extracted at baseline. 12 weeks following antihelminthic treatment with praziqunatel, stool DNA was collected from 62 of the 139 children. The 16S rRNA genes were sequenced from the baseline and post-treatment samples and the sequence data, clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The OTU data were analysed using multivariate analyses and paired T-test. RESULTS: Pre-treatment, the most abundant phyla were Bacteroidetes, followed by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria respectively. The relative abundance of taxa among bacterial classes showed limited variation by age group or sex and the bacterial communities had similar overall compositions. Although there were no overall differences in the microbiome structure across the whole age range, the abundance of 21 OTUs varied significantly with age (FDR<0.05). Some OTUs including Veillonella, Streptococcus, Bacteroides and Helicobacter were more abundant in children ≤ 1 year old compared to older children. Furthermore, the gut microbiome differed in schistosome infected vs. uninfected children with 27 OTU occurring in infected but not uninfected children, for 5 of these all Prevotella, the difference was statistically significant (p <0.05) with FDR <0.05. PZQ treatment did not alter the microbiome structure in infected or uninfected children from that observed at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in the gut microbiome structure of infected vs. uninfected children and the differences were refractory to PZQ treatment

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Spatial Organization and Molecular Correlation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Deep Learning on Pathology Images

Beyond sample curation and basic pathologic characterization, the digitized H&E-stained images of TCGA samples remain underutilized. To highlight this resource, we present mappings of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on H&E images from 13 TCGA tumor types. These TIL maps are derived through computational staining using a convolutional neural network trained to classify patches of images. Affinity propagation revealed local spatial structure in TIL patterns and correlation with overall survival. TIL map structural patterns were grouped using standard histopathological parameters. These patterns are enriched in particular T cell subpopulations derived from molecular measures. TIL densities and spatial structure were differentially enriched among tumor types, immune subtypes, and tumor molecular subtypes, implying that spatial infiltrate state could reflect particular tumor cell aberration states. Obtaining spatial lymphocytic patterns linked to the rich genomic characterization of TCGA samples demonstrates one use for the TCGA image archives with insights into the tumor-immune microenvironment

Material Cycles, Industry and Service Provisioning: A Review of Low Energy and Material Demand Modelling and Scenarios

Developing transformative pathways for industry’s compliance with international climate targets requires model-based insights on how supply- and demand-side measures affect industry, material cycles, global supply chains, socio-economic activities and service provisioning supporting societal wellbeing. Herein, we review the recent literature modelling the industrial system for Low Energy and Materials Demand (LEMD) futures, resulting in lowered environmental pressures without relying on negative emissions. We identify 77 innovative studies drawing on nine distinct industry modelling traditions and critically assess system definitions and scopes, biophysical and thermodynamic consistency, granularity and heterogeneity, and operationalization of demand and service provision. We find large potentials of combined supply- and demand-side measures to reduce current economy-wide material use by -56%, energy use by -40 to -60%, and GHG emissions by -70% to net-zero. We call for strengthening interdisciplinary collaborations between industry modelling traditions and demand-side research, to produce more insightful scenarios and discuss research challenges and recommendations