Seven HCI Grand Challenges

This article aims to investigate the Grand Challenges which arise in the current and emerging landscape of rapid technological evolution towards more intelligent interactive technologies, coupled with increased and widened societal needs, as well as individual and collective expectations that HCI, as a discipline, is called upon to address. A perspective oriented to humane and social values is adopted, formulating the challenges in terms of the impact of emerging intelligent interactive technologies on human life both at the individual and societal levels. Seven Grand Challenges are identified and presented in this article: Human-Technology Symbiosis; Human-Environment Interactions; Ethics, Privacy and Security; Well-being, Health and Eudaimonia; Accessibility and Universal Access; Learning and Creativity; and Social Organization and Democracy. Although not exhaustive, they summarize the views and research priorities of an international interdisciplinary group of experts, reflecting different scientific perspectives, methodological approaches and application domains. Each identified Grand Challenge is analyzed in terms of: concept and problem definition; main research issues involved and state of the art; and associated emerging requirements

Regulatory cell therapy in kidney transplantation (The ONE Study): a harmonised design and analysis of seven non-randomised, single-arm, phase 1/2A trials.

BackgroundUse of cell-based medicinal products (CBMPs) represents a state-of-the-art approach for reducing general immunosuppression in organ transplantation. We tested multiple regulatory CBMPs in kidney transplant trials to establish the safety of regulatory CBMPs when combined with reduced immunosuppressive treatment.MethodsThe ONE Study consisted of seven investigator-led, single-arm trials done internationally at eight hospitals in France, Germany, Italy, the UK, and the USA (60 week follow-up). Included patients were living-donor kidney transplant recipients aged 18 years and older. The reference group trial (RGT) was a standard-of-care group given basiliximab, tapered steroids, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus. Six non-randomised phase 1/2A cell therapy group (CTG) trials were pooled and analysed, in which patients received one of six CBMPs containing regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, or macrophages; patient selection and immunosuppression mirrored the RGT, except basiliximab induction was substituted with CBMPs and mycophenolate mofetil tapering was allowed. None of the trials were randomised and none of the individuals involved were masked. The primary endpoint was biopsy-confirmed acute rejection (BCAR) within 60 weeks after transplantation; adverse event coding was centralised. The RTG and CTG trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01656135, NCT02252055, NCT02085629, NCT02244801, NCT02371434, NCT02129881, and NCT02091232.FindingsThe seven trials took place between Dec 11, 2012, and Nov 14, 2018. Of 782 patients assessed for eligibility, 130 (17%) patients were enrolled and 104 were treated and included in the analysis. The 66 patients who were treated in the RGT were 73% male and had a median age of 47 years. The 38 patients who were treated across six CTG trials were 71% male and had a median age of 45 years. Standard-of-care immunosuppression in the recipients in the RGT resulted in a 12% BCAR rate (expected range 3·2-18·0). The overall BCAR rate for the six parallel CTG trials was 16%. 15 (40%) patients given CBMPs were successfully weaned from mycophenolate mofetil and maintained on tacrolimus monotherapy. Combined adverse event data and BCAR episodes from all six CTG trials revealed no safety concerns when compared with the RGT. Fewer episodes of infections were registered in CTG trials versus the RGT.InterpretationRegulatory cell therapy is achievable and safe in living-donor kidney transplant recipients, and is associated with fewer infectious complications, but similar rejection rates in the first year. Therefore, immune cell therapy is a potentially useful therapeutic approach in recipients of kidney transplant to minimise the burden of general immunosuppression.FundingThe 7th EU Framework Programme

Designing Smart Cities: Urbane Räume als Orte vernetzter Arbeits- und Lebenswelten

Dieser eingeladene Beitrag vermittelt einen Überblick über die neuen Herausforderungen an die Gestaltung der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion, bzw. Mensch-Artefakt-Interaktion, wenn sich die Rahmenbedingungen wie folgt ändern. Der Gegenstandsbereich wird von individuellen Geräten auf Räume und Gebäude und schließlich auf urbane Kontexte in unseren Städten erweitert. Die Artefakte in unseren Umgebungen werden durch Informationstechnologie angereichert (Ambient Intelligence) und damit „smart“. Der Anwendungsbereich weitet sich von der individuellen Nutzung auf Gruppen und Gemeinschaften in vernetzten Arbeits- und Lebenswelten aus, in denen die Grenzen zwischen beruflicher und privater Verwendung fließend sind. Die Zielsetzung ist die Entwicklung einer Humane Smart City, in der Menschen ihr kreatives Potential ausschöpfen und ein selbstbestimmtes Leben führen können, in dem Arbeiten und Leben im harmonischen Wechselspiel möglich ist. Technologie kann uns dabei unterstützen, sollte aber immer in Einklang mit unseren Wünschen und Möglichkeiten stehen

Die Rolle von mentalen und konzeptuellen Modellen in der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion: Konsequenzen für die Software-Ergonomie?

Dieser Beitrag dient der Erstellung einer einheitlichen Terminologie für die bei der Untersuchung der Mensch-Computer- Interaktion verwendeten Modellkonzepte. Damit verbunden ist eine Klärung der in verschiedenen theoretischen Bezugssystemen auftretenden Begriffsbildungen. Auf der Grundlage der vorgeschlagenen Erweiterung der Überlegungen von Norman [7] und einer Klassifizierung von Modellen ist es möglich, die beim Designprozeß relevanten Modeilkomponenten zu identifizieren. Abschließend werden einige Implikationen für die Verwendung von Metaphern beim Design von "benutzerorientierten" Systemen diskutier