State of the world’s plants and fungi 2020

Kew’s State of the World’s Plants and Fungi project provides assessments of our current knowledge of the diversity of plants and fungi on Earth, the global threats that they face, and the policies to safeguard them. Produced in conjunction with an international scientific symposium, Kew’s State of the World’s Plants and Fungi sets an important international standard from which we can annually track trends in the global status of plant and fungal diversity

The artificial intelligence-based model ANORAK improves histopathological grading of lung adenocarcinoma

The introduction of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer grading system has furthered interest in histopathological grading for risk stratification in lung adenocarcinoma. Complex morphology and high intratumoral heterogeneity present challenges to pathologists, prompting the development of artificial intelligence (AI) methods. Here we developed ANORAK (pyrAmid pooliNg crOss stReam Attention networK), encoding multiresolution inputs with an attention mechanism, to delineate growth patterns from hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. In 1,372 lung adenocarcinomas across four independent cohorts, AI-based grading was prognostic of disease-free survival, and further assisted pathologists by consistently improving prognostication in stage I tumors. Tumors with discrepant patterns between AI and pathologists had notably higher intratumoral heterogeneity. Furthermore, ANORAK facilitates the morphological and spatial assessment of the acinar pattern, capturing acinus variations with pattern transition. Collectively, our AI method enabled the precision quantification and morphology investigation of growth patterns, reflecting intratumoral histological transitions in lung adenocarcinoma

Information for oral and maxillofacial patients:can it be improved?

The aim and objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and readability of leaflet and online Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery patientinformation leaflets (PILs). The quality, readability and grade level of each PIL was assessed using the DISCERN, Flesch Reading Easeand Flesh-Kincaid Grade Level instruments respectively. In total, 140 patient information leaflets were assessed. For both leaflet and onlinePILs, many items of the DISCERN instrument were deemed of low quality and poorly reported. The median overall quality score was 30.2.Variation in the quality and readability scores between leaflet and online PILs and those produced by various societies was evident. Overall,PILs were deemed to be of moderate quality. Online PILs were of lower quality, more difficult to read and aimed at a higher reading age level

P A SEVERAL NOTIONS OF GENERALIZED SEMI-COMPACTNESS IN DOUBLE FUZZY TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce the notions of several types of semicompactness in double fuzzy topological spaces known as generalized double fuzzy semicompactness, generalized double fuzzy nearly semi-compactness and generalized double fuzzy weakly semi-compactness. Some interesting properties and characterizations of the new concepts are introduced and studied

Robust projective lag synchronization in drive-response dynamical networks via adaptive control

This paper investigates the problem of projective lag synchronization behavior in drive-response dynamical networks (DRDNs) with identical and non-identical nodes. An adaptive control method is designed to achieve projective lag synchronization with fully unknown parameters and unknown bounded disturbances. These parameters were estimated by adaptive laws obtained by Lyapunov stability theory. Furthermore, sufficient conditions for synchronization are derived analytically using the Lyapunov stability theory and adaptive control. In addition, the unknown bounded disturbances are also overcome by the proposed control. Finally, analytical results show that the states of the dynamical network with non-delayed coupling can be asymptotically synchronized onto a desired scaling factor under the designed controller. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method

Normal values of hertel exophthalmometry in children, teenagers, and adults from Tehran, Iran

PURPOSE.: The aim of this study was to present normative values of exophthalmometry in Iranian children, teenagers, and adults and find the effect of age, gender, height, weight, and laterality (right vs. left eye) on normal values of protrusion. METHODS.: In a population-based epidemiological study, ocular protrusion values (mm) were measured in 1063 randomly selected (stratified sampling method) normal subjects using the Hertel exophthalmometer. Weight and height were measured in all subjects. RESULTS.: There were 462 (43.5) females and 601 (56.5) males. The age ranged from 6 to 70 years (mean ± SD = 20.3 ± 10.9). Subjects were divided into three age groups (years); children (range: 6 to 12, mean: 9.2 ± 1.6), teenagers (range: 13 to 19, mean: 15 ± 1.4), and adults (range: 20 to 70, mean: 31 ± 7.9). The mean (±SD) absolute ocular protrusion value was 14.2 ± 1.8 in children, 15.2 ± 1.9 for teenagers, and 14.7 ± 2.3 for adults. Right and left eye protrusions were well correlated (r = 0.97, p < 0.0005 in children and adults and r = 0.95, p < 0.0005 in teenagers). However, right eye protrusion was significantly more than on the left side (p < 0.0005). Although males had more eye protrusion, the gender difference was not significant except for teenagers. Weight and height did not have a significant effect on eye protrusion. No individual had more than 2 mm of asymmetry (relative eye protrusion). Increasing age had a significant effect on the eye protrusion (r = +0.32 for children, r = +0.13 for teenagers, and r = -0.30 for adults; 0.001 < p < 0.0005). The ocular protrusion was positively correlated with increasing distance between the two lateral orbital rims (base) in all age groups (p < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS.: Any eye protrusion of more than 17.8 mm for Iranian children, 19 mm for Iranian teenagers, and 19.3 mm for Iranian adults and relative eye protrusion of more than 2 mm warrants further clinical examination. Age and base value had a significant impact on normal eye protrusion values. © 2008 American Academy of Optometry

Backflow events under the effect of secondary flow of Prandtl's first kind

A study of the backflow events in the flow through a toroidal pipe at friction Reynolds number Re τ ≈ 650 is performed and compared with the results in a straight turbulent pipe flow at Re τ ≈ 500. The statistics and topological properties of the backflow events are analysed and discussed. Conditionally averaged flow fields in the vicinity of the backflow event are obtained, and the results for the torus show a similar streamwise wall-shear stress topology which varies considerably for the azimuthal wall-shear stress when compared to the pipe flow. In the region around the backflow events, critical points are observed. The comparison between the toroidal pipe and its straight counterpart also shows fewer backflow events and critical points in the torus. This is attributed to the secondary flow of Prandtl's first kind present in the toroidal pipe, which is responsible for the convection of momentum from the inner to the outer bend through the core of the pipe, and back from outer bend to the inner bend along the azimuthal direction. These results indicate that backflow events and critical points are genuine features of wall-bounded turbulence, and are not artefacts of specific boundary or inflow conditions in simulations and/or measurement uncertainties in experiments.R. C. Chin, R. Vinuesa, R. Örlü, J. I. Cardesa, A. Noorani, M. S. Chong and P. Schlatte