Peluang Investasi Dan Strategi Pengembangan USAha Budidaya Kutu Lak (Laccifer Lacca Kerr): Studi Kasus Di KPH Probolinggo, Perum Perhutani Unit II Jawa Timur

Shellac flea Laccifer lacca Kerr is a phytophagous insect, which lives on kesambi tree (Schleichera oleosa Merr). During its life cycle, shellac flea secretes liquid known as LAK and has many uses, such as varnish/polish, food cover, drug capsule, cassette ribbon, etc. In 2005, Perum Perhutani produced 60,547 kg LAK pellets, but has not fulfilled market demand. Cultivation technique is still conducted in a very simple way. Investment in developing shellac flea is also profitable, and promising. There are two choices of management schemes in it cultivate, the first is by infecting shellac flea to the host tree when the tree is 15 years old and the second is by infecting shellac flea when the tree is 4 years old. Financially, the latter approach is more beneficial than the former one. The value of NPV + 22 321 052 395, IRR 16.9%, BCR 1.55 and Net B/C 3.71 with discounted payback period for 10 year 8 months. SWOT analyzing was used in the design strategy as a management approach

A MULTI‐GENE ESTIMATE OF HIGHER‐LEVEL PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG NIGHTJARS (AVES: CAPRIMULGIDAE)

ABSTRACT ∙ The higher‐level phylogenetic relationships of the nightjars and nighthawks (Caprimulgidae) have been challenging for traditional systematics due to their cryptic plumage and conservative morphology. We explored these relationships by combining two previously published molecular datasets with new data to generate a complete matrix (7,104 bp) of evolutionarily disparate sequence elements from four genes for 36 taxa. We analyzed each of the genes separately for base composition heterogeneity and heterozygosity. We analyzed the concatenated matrix in a likelihood framework using seven different partitioning schemes. As the number of subsets in a given partitioning scheme increased, tree length and likelihood score also increased; however, the branching topology was little affected by increasingly complex partitioning schemes. Our best maximum likelihood tree has increased bootstrap support at 13 of 30 ingroup nodes compared with previous analyses, a result likely due to doubling the length of the sequence data. Coalescent‐based species tree inference produced a tree congruent with all strongly supported nodes in the maximum likelihood tree. This topology agrees with previous molecular studies in identifying three small, early branching Old World genera (Eurostopodus, Lyncornis, and Gactornis) and four more speciose terminal clades, representing the New World nighthawks (genus Chordeiles) and three nightjar radiations centered in South America, Central America and the Old World, respectively. Increased node support across the tree reinforces a historical scenario with origins in the region surrounding the Indian Ocean, followed by diversification in the New World and subsequent recolonization and radiation in the Old World. Future work on this group should incorporate additional members of the genera Lyncornis and Eurostopodus, to determine which is the basal lineage of Caprimulgidae.RESUMEN ∙ Relaciones filogenéticas de más alto nivel de los atajacaminos (Aves: Caprimulgidae) en base a un análisis multigénico Las relaciones filogenéticas de más alto nivel de los atajacaminos y añaperos (Caprimulgidae) son un reto para la sistemática tradicional, debido a que el grupo posee morfología poco variable y plumajes crípticos. Exploramos relaciones filogenéticas en el grupo combinando dos conjuntos de datos moleculares ya publicados con nuevos datos. La matriz completa (7,104 bp) se generó con cuatro genes y 36 taxones, incluyendo marcadores con distintos modelos de evolución. Se examinó cada uno de los genes por separado para determinar heterocigosidad y heterogeneidad de la composición de bases. Se analizó la matriz concatenada en un marco de máxima verosimilitud utilizando siete particiones diferentes. La longitud de los árboles filogenéticos y su verosimilitud aumentaron a la par del número de subconjuntos en una partición particular; sin embargo, la topología del árbol varió poco entre particiones. En comparación con topologías publicadas, nuestro árbol de máxima verosimilitud tuvo mejor soporte para 13 de los 30 nodos internos, resultado que podría deberse al uso del doble de los datos de secuencias. El método de árboles de especies basado en coalescencia produjo una topología congruente con la obtenida por máxima verosimilitud. Esta topología concuerda con previos estudios moleculares, identificando tres pequeños géneros del Viejo Mundo como basales en la filogenia (Eurostopodus, Lyncornis y Gactornis), y cuatro clados terminales con más especies. Estos clados terminales representan los atajacaminos del Nuevo Mundo del género Chordeiles, y otras tres radiaciones de América del Sur, Central y del Viejo Mundo. Nuestros resultados sugieren un escenario histórico con orígenes del grupo en la región circundante al Océano Indico, seguido por la diversificación en las Américas y la posterior recolonización y radiación en el Viejo Mundo. Futuros estudios en este grupo deben incorporar miembros adicionales de los géneros Lyncornis y Eurostopodus, lo que permitirá estudiar cuál es el linaje basal de Caprimulgidae

Pengaruh Pemberian Bahan Organik pada Lubang Resapan Biopori Modifikasi terhadap Kontribusi Ketersediaan Unsur Hara Bagi Tanaman Kelapa Sawit

The productivity of palm oil plantations are generally still low compared to the potential productivity of the land. Fertilization is an important factor in acheving high productivity, mainly to meet the requirement of nutrient avaibility. The research objective was to determine the avaibility of nutrient in oil palm leaves from the application of organic matter in modified biopore infiltration pit. This research was conducted in palm oil plantation PTPN 13 Pelaihari Tanah Laut,in 2013 and 2014. Sample collection were done by taking a leaf on the 17th oil palm midrib, which was taken using a purposively sampling spread system. The results showed a low level of nutrient content of nitrogen, potassium, and magnisium in plant leaf tissue in the palm oil plantation. Content of Phosfat in optimum level, and Calcium elements found in a state of excess

Reduced Basis Approximation and A Posteriori Error Estimation: Applications to Elasticity Problems in Several Parametric Settings

In this work we consider (hierarchical, Lagrange) reduced basis approximation and a posteriori error estimation for elasticity problems in affinley parametrized geometries. The essential ingredients of the methodology are: a Galerkin projection onto a low-dimensional space associated with a smooth "parametric manifold" - dimension reduction, an efficient and effective greedy sampling methods for identification of optimal and numerically stable approximations - rapid convergence, an a posteriori error estimation procedures - rigorous and sharp bounds for the functional outputs related with the underlying solution or related quantities of interest, like stress intensity factor, and Offline-Online computational decomposition strategies - minimum marginal cost for high performance in the real-time and many-query (e.g., design and optimization) contexts. We present several illustrative results for linear elasticity problem in parametrized geometries representing 2D Cartesian or 3D axisymmetric configurations like an arc-cantilever beam, a center crack problem, a composite unit cell or a woven composite beam, a multi-material plate, and a closed vessel. We consider different parametrization for the systems: either physical quantities - to model the materials and loads - and geometrical parameters - to model different geometrical configurations - with isotropic and orthotropic materials working in plane stress and plane strain approximation. We would like to underline the versatility of the methodology in very different problems. As last example we provide a nonlinear setting with increased complexity

Independently Evolving Species in Asexual Bdelloid Rotifers

Asexuals are an important test case for theories of why species exist. If asexual clades displayed the same pattern of discrete variation as sexual clades, this would challenge the traditional view that sex is necessary for diversification into species. However, critical evidence has been lacking: all putative examples have involved organisms with recent or ongoing histories of recombination and have relied on visual interpretation of patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation rather than on formal tests of alternative evolutionary scenarios. Here we show that a classic asexual clade, the bdelloid rotifers, has diversified into distinct evolutionary species. Intensive sampling of the genus Rotaria reveals the presence of well-separated genetic clusters indicative of independent evolution. Moreover, combined genetic and morphological analyses reveal divergent selection in feeding morphology, indicative of niche divergence. Some of the morphologically coherent groups experiencing divergent selection contain several genetic clusters, in common with findings of cryptic species in sexual organisms. Our results show that the main causes of speciation in sexual organisms, population isolation and divergent selection, have the same qualitative effects in an asexual clade. The study also demonstrates how combined molecular and morphological analyses can shed new light on the evolutionary nature of species

Spatial distribution of podoconiosis in relation to environmental factors in Ethiopia: a historical review

BACKGROUND An up-to-date and reliable map of podoconiosis is needed to design geographically targeted and cost-effective intervention in Ethiopia. Identifying the ecological correlates of the distribution of podoconiosis is the first step for distribution and risk maps. The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution and ecological correlates of podoconiosis using historical and contemporary survey data. METHODS Data on the observed prevalence of podoconiosis were abstracted from published and unpublished literature into a standardized database, according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total, 10 studies conducted between 1969 and 2012 were included, and data were available for 401,674 individuals older than 15 years of age from 229 locations. A range of high resolution environmental factors were investigated to determine their association with podoconiosis prevalence, using logistic regression. RESULTS The prevalence of podoconiosis in Ethiopia was estimated at 3.4% (95% CI 3.3%-3.4%) with marked regional variation. We identified significant associations between mean annual Land Surface Temperature (LST), mean annual precipitation, topography of the land and fine soil texture and high prevalence of podoconiosis. The derived maps indicate both widespread occurrence of podoconiosis and a marked variability in prevalence of podoconiosis, with prevalence typically highest at altitudes >1500 m above sea level (masl), with >1500 mm annual rainfall and mean annual LST of 19-21°C. No (or very little) podoconiosis occurred at altitudes 24°C. CONCLUSION Podoconiosis remains a public health problem in Ethiopia over considerable areas of the country, but exhibits marked geographical variation associated in part with key environmental factors. This is work in progress and the results presented here will be refined in future work

Left ventricular non-compaction: clinical features and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging

Background: It is apparent that despite lack of family history, patients with the morphological characteristics of left ventricular non-compaction develop arrhythmias, thrombo-embolism and left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: Forty two patients, aged 48.7 +/- 2.3 yrs (mean +/- SEM) underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) for the quantification of left ventricular volumes and extent of non-compacted (NC) myocardium. The latter was quantified using planimetry on the two-chamber long axis LV view (NC area). The patients included those referred specifically for CMR to investigate suspected cardiomyopathy, and as such is represents a selected group of patients. RESULTS: At presentation, 50% had dyspnoea, 19% chest pain, 14% palpitations and 5% stroke. Pulmonary embolism had occurred in 7% and brachial artery embolism in 2%. The ECG was abnormal in 81% and atrial fibrillation occurred in 29%. Transthoracic echocardiograms showed features of NC in only 10%. On CMR, patients who presented with dyspnoea had greater left ventricular volumes (both p < 0.0001) and a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p < 0.0001) than age-matched, healthy controls. In patients without dyspnoea (n = 21), NC area correlated positively with end-diastolic volume (r = 0.52, p = 0.0184) and end-systolic volume (r = 0.56, p = 0.0095), and negatively with EF (r = -0.72, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Left ventricular non-compaction is associated with dysrrhythmias, thromboembolic events, chest pain and LV dysfunction. The inverse correlation between NC area and EF suggests that NC contributes to left ventricular dysfunction