Pårørende og organdonasjon : Hvilke erfaringer har pårørende med organdonasjon i intensivavdelingen? : En systematisk litteraturstudie

Master's thesis in Specialized nursing (ME519

Effect of Topical Anaesthetics on Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure in Human Subcutaneous Tissue Sampled by Wick Technique

To measure colloid osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid (COP(i)) from human subcutaneous tissue with the modified wick technique in order to determine influence of topical application of anaesthetics, dry vs. wet wick and implantation time on COP(i).In 50 healthy volunteers interstitial fluid (IF) was collected by subcutaneous implantation of multi-filamentous nylon wicks. Study subjects were allocated to two groups; one for comparing COP(i) obtained from dry and saline soaked wicks, and one for comparing COP(i) from unanaesthetized skin, and skin after application of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic (EMLA®, Astra Zeneca) cream. IF was sampled from the skin of the shoulders, and implantation time was 30, 60, 75, 90 and 120 min. Colloid osmotic pressure was measured with a colloid osmometer. Pain assessment during the procedure was compared for EMLA cream and no topical anaesthesia using a visual analogue scale (VAS) in a subgroup of 10 subjects.There were no significant differences between COP(i) obtained from dry compared to wet wicks, except that the values after 75 and 90 min. were somewhat higher for the dry wicks. Topical anaesthesia with EMLA cream did not affect COP(i) values. COP(i) decreased from 30 to 75 min. of implantation (23.2 ± 4.4 mmHg to 19.6 ± 2.9 mmHg, p = 0.008) and subsequently tended to increase until 120 min. EMLA cream resulted in significant lower VAS score for the procedure.COP(i) from subcutaneous tissue was easily obtained and fluid harvesting was well tolerated when topical anaesthetic was used. The difference in COP(i) assessed by dry and wet wicks between 75 min. and 90 min. of implantation was in accordance with previous reports. The use of topical analgesia did not influence COP(i) and topical analgesia may make the wick technique more acceptable for subjects who dislike technical procedures, including children.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01044979

A New Method for Isolation of Interstitial Fluid from Human Solid Tumors Applied to Proteomic Analysis of Ovarian Carcinoma Tissue

Major efforts have been invested in the identification of cancer biomarkers in plasma, but the extraordinary dynamic range in protein composition, and the dilution of disease specific proteins make discovery in plasma challenging. Focus is shifting towards using proximal fluids for biomarker discovery, but methods to verify the isolated sample's origin are missing. We therefore aimed to develop a technique to search for potential candidate proteins in the proximal proteome, i.e. in the tumor interstitial fluid, since the biomarkers are likely to be excreted or derive from the tumor microenvironment. Since tumor interstitial fluid is not readily accessible, we applied a centrifugation method developed in experimental animals and asked whether interstitial fluid from human tissue could be isolated, using ovarian carcinoma as a model. Exposure of extirpated tissue to 106 g enabled tumor fluid isolation. The fluid was verified as interstitial by an isolated fluid:plasma ratio not significantly different from 1.0 for both creatinine and Na+, two substances predominantly present in interstitial fluid. The isolated fluid had a colloid osmotic pressure 79% of that in plasma, suggesting that there was some sieving of proteins at the capillary wall. Using a proteomic approach we detected 769 proteins in the isolated interstitial fluid, sixfold higher than in patient plasma. We conclude that the isolated fluid represents undiluted interstitial fluid and thus a subproteome with high concentration of locally secreted proteins that may be detected in plasma for diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic monitoring by targeted methods

Molecular mechanism of edema formation in nephrotic syndrome: therapeutic implications

Sodium retention and edema are common features of nephrotic syndrome that are classically attributed to hypovolemia and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. However, numbers of clinical and experimental findings argue against this underfill theory. In this review we analyze data from the literature in both nephrotic patients and experimental models of nephrotic syndrome that converge to demonstrate that sodium retention is not related to the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone status and that fluid leakage from capillary to the interstitium does not result from an imbalance of Starling forces, but from changes of the intrinsic properties of the capillary endothelial filtration barrier. We also discuss how most recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of sodium retention has allowed the development of an efficient treatment of edema in nephrotic patients

Tilværelsens uutholdelige fullkommenhet. Hvordan familie iscenesettes i bloggmediet

Tema for oppgaven er en tilnærming til å studere iscenesettelse av familie er gjennom blogger. Hvordan familie fremstilles i sosiale medier. Jeg har valgt de som blogger om det å være eller gjøre familie samt bloggene deres, som målgruppe i min studie. Bloggerne jeg vil konsentrere meg om omtales ofte som mamma- eller familiebloggere. Jeg er interessert i hvordan de konstruerer sin identitet og sin virkelighet gjennom bloggen. Hvilke forventninger og krav de har til seg selv som foreldre samt hvordan dette kommer til uttrykk på bloggen. Hvilke diskurser er det som snakkes frem om det å være eller gjøre familie og hvilke sosiale eller terapeutiske konsekvenser de ulike diskursive fremstillingene av familien får

The winner takes it all? : rederiene flytter - årsaker og konsekvenser

Siden 1994 er maritime bedrifter solgt fra Norge til utlandet for omlag 44 milliarder NOK. Særlig rederiene opplever store endringer på eiersiden. Utenlandske eiere øker sjansen for at hovedkontorfunksjoner forsvinner fra Norge. Norsk maritim sektor er en næringsklynge med tette koblinger mellom de ulike delene. Rederiene har en viktig posisjon i denne klyngen. At rederiene forsvinner vil derfor kunne få uheldige konsekvenser for resten av næringen. Rederiene opererer i et internasjonalt marked og er svært mobile. Grunnen til utflyttingen er primært at norske rammebetingelser, spesielt skatteregimet, påfører rederiene konkurranseulemper. Globalisering, og lokaliseringskonkurransen den medfører, øker rederienes flytteincentiver. Maritim næring er en av de få næringene der Norge har en plass i verdenstoppen, og sektoren er en viktig bidragsyter til verdiskapning, sysselsetting og valutainngang. For å kunne beholde et høyt velferdsnivå må nedbyggingen av konkurranseutsatt sektor reverseres. Å miste maritim næring vil være kritisk for Norge

Web Portals for Students - A study on students' interest in and intention to recommend university web portals

In the autumn of 2013, a website called instabart.no was launched. The website catered to students at NTNU and focused on gathering links to the 12 most useful IT services for students. Within a month of its launch, the website had gained 2200 weekly users, equivalent to 10% of NTNUs student body. The only form of PR was two Facebook posts. This experience led to a desire to answer two questions: 1. Can university web portals similar to Instabart be just as relevant at other universities? 2. Is it possible to better explain voluntary adoption of IT services by extending the Technology Acceptance Model? To answer these questions, two new university web portals were created. The websites were then launched and afterwards promoted via Facebook. Three surveys were conducted, where a total of 214 students tested the web portals before answering a questionnaire. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was extended with a construct called "behavioral intention to recommend". PLS-SEM, short for partial least squares structural equation modelling, was conducted to assess the quality of the new TAM extension. The results revealed a clear interest in university web portals. Students rated the web portals highly in the survey. The websites did not become as popular as Instabart, but gained a modest amount of loyal users. The PLS-SEM analysis showed that the construct "behavioral intention to recommend" was significantly affected by three of the models construct: "behavioral intention to use", "perceived usefulness" and "perceived enjoyment". The model also conformed to earlier TAM findings, such as "perceived usefulness" being the strongest predictor of "behavioral intention to use"