Paulo Freire revisité : la communication comme principe de l'humanisation

Ce mémoire est l'occasion de participer à la re-découverte de Paulo Freire, qui a cours tant au Sud qu'au Nord, à la faveur d'une lecture communicationnelle de sa philosophie, articulée autour des trois concepts de communication, de participation et d'humanisation. Notre démarche prend naissance avec l'intuition selon laquelle la communication constitue à la fois une des fondations de la philosophie freiréenne et un des fils conducteurs permettant de lier entre eux ses différentes composantes dans une perspective globale. L'écart qui existe entre, d'une part, la place centrale que prend la communication dans la philosophie freiréenne et l'importance de sa contribution à cette discipline, et d'autre part le peu de travaux qui abordent directement ce concept, nous invite à tenter de redonner à la communication sa juste valeur au sein des concepts freiréens. Nous poursuivons plusieurs objectifs: attirer l'attention sur l'évolution de la philosophie de Freire, qui n'est pas restée prisonnière du paradigme révolutionnaire et s'est au contraire transformée avec le(s) contexte(s) qu'elle accompagnait; identifier la signification particulière que prend le concept de communication dans les travaux de Freire; comprendre comment Freire peut nous aider à être, à notre tour, des gens de notre temps. La méthode retenue est celle de l'analyse conceptuelle, qui repose sur les techniques de la recension d'écrits et de l'observation participante, et dans une moindre mesure de l'entrevue. Notre démarche de recherche est avant tout théorique et a pris forme dans le cadre d'un stage de recherche qui nous a emmené à intégrer le groupe de recherche Mediações pedagógicas e transformações sociais de Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos), dans la région de Porto Alegre au Brésil. Cette recherche révèle que la communication permet chez Freire de comprendre l'existence humaine comme une option politique en faveur de l'humanisation. La communication, à la fois stratégie et objectif de la lutte, devient le principe de l'humanisation. Ces découvertes, en laissant entrevoir que c'est en nous enjoignant à lutter pour la radicalisation de la communication que Freire contribue à faire de nous des gens de notre temps, pose à leur tour les questions de la possibilité d'un dialogue radical à grande échelle et de celle qu'un tel dialogue soit encouragé par l'État. La communication est-elle condamnée à rester une pratique de résistance et l'humanisation, une utopie? La perspective qu'il en soit ainsi ne remet pas en cause la validité de la philosophie de Freire. Au contraire, elle indique l'urgence de radicaliser la lutte et de réinventer Freire à la lumière de nos contextes contemporains. \ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Paulo Freire, communication, dialogue, participation, humanisation

Pour un nationalisme inclusif au Québec : repenser l’interculturalisme dans le cadre de la conception de la reconnaissance des individus et des peuples de Michel Seymour

L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de proposer un modèle d’intégration qui permettrait de concilier au Québec les deux impératifs que sont le besoin d’affirmation nationale et la reconnaissance du pluralisme. Nous croyons que le modèle interculturaliste développé au Québec et théorisé notamment par Gérard Bouchard constitue un bon point de départ, mais qu’il faut néanmoins ajuster le tir. L’approche de Bouchard est sociohistorique et culturelle. Or, c’est l’avenue politique qu’il faut selon nous emprunter. Pour que l’interculturalisme favorise le développement d’un nationalisme inclusif, il doit permettre de dégager un espace de citoyenneté spécifique au Québec. Puisque la nation québécoise est non souveraine, un tel espace de citoyenneté implique de reconnaître non seulement les individus, mais aussi le peuple. Il faut donc revoir les fondements philosophiques de l’interculturalisme pour que ce modèle soit en mesure de prendre en charge à la fois les droits individuels et les droits collectifs. Pour ce faire, nous devons nous tourner vers la conception de la reconnaissance des individus et des peuples développée par Michel Seymour. Le premier chapitre se veut une analyse et une synthèse de la conception de la reconnaissance de Seymour, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre du libéralisme politique développé par Rawls. Le deuxième chapitre vise à refonder l’interculturalisme dans les bases théoriques développées par Seymour. Nous commençons par défendre, avec Seymour, une conception sociopolitique de la nation québécoise, puis nous montrons que la possibilité d’un espace de citoyenneté spécifique au Québec est tributaire de la reconnaissance pleine et entière de la nation québécoise par l’État canadien englobant. Nous présentons ensuite l’interculturalisme dans sa version politique et examinons le modèle de laïcité développé par Seymour et Gosselin-Tapp en tant que cas de figure de ce modèle d’intégration. Refonder l’interculturalisme sur des bases politiques permet finalement de contribuer au débat opposant l’interculturalisme au multiculturalisme. L’interculturalisme se distingue du multiculturalisme en tant que modèle d’intégration permettant de dégager un espace de citoyenneté propre aux sociétés politiques non souveraines. Ce faisant, l’interculturalisme révèle un potentiel universel et se veut un modèle d’intégration fait sur mesure pour les nations sociopolitiques comme le Québec, l’Écosse ou la Catalogne.The main objective of this essay is to propose a model for integration that could reconcile Québec’s two imperatives that are the need for national assertion and the recognition of pluralism. We believe that the interculturalism model, developed in Québec and theorized by Gérard Bouchard especially, constitutes a good starting point. However, we need to make adjustments. Bouchard’s approach is social, historical and cultural. Yet it is the political approach we need to engage into. In order to stimulate the development of an inclusive nationalism, interculturalism has to draw a citizenship space that is specific to Québec. Since the Québec nation isn’t sovereign, such a citizenship space entails the recognition not only of individuals but also of the nation itself. Hence it is necessary to review the philosophical roots of interculturalism in order for it to take into account not only individual rights, but also collective rights. To do so, we need to focus on Michel Seymour’s notion of recognition of individuals and nations. The first chapter analyzes and summarizes Seymour’s notion of recognition, which is developed in the framework of Rawl’s political liberalism. The second chapter aims to rebuild interculturalism on Seymour’s theoretical bases. We begin by defending, with Seymour, the Québec nation as a sociopolitical nation. We then defend that the possibility of a specific citizenship space for Québec depends on the Canadian State’s recognition of the Québec nation. The following step consists in elaborating the political version of interculturalism and then in examining the model of secularism developed by Seymour and Gosselin-Tapp as resulting from it. Finally, rebuilding interculturalism onto political bases enables to contribute to the debate between interculturalism and multiculturalism. Interculturalism distinguishes itself from multiculturalism as an integration model that draws specific citizenship spaces for non-sovereign political societies. In doing so, interculturalism reveals a universal potential in constituing a tailored approach for sociopolitical nations like Québec, Scotland or Catalonia

Chemically modified polysulfones for molecular imprinting. Synthesis and complexation with a fluorescent model template

Polysulfone (PSU) was chemically modified to prepare new molecular imprinted membranes (MIMs). Several amounts of amine and sulfonyl groups were introduced into the PSU chemical structure in order to create interactions with acid or base templates, such as biomolecules or biomacromolecules. A fluorescent dye, Acridine Orange base (AO), was used as a model template and its complexation with the prepared PSUs was monitored by spectroscopic techniques. This study showed an absence of complexation with the native PSU and a strong complexation with the aminated and the sulfonated PSUs. Partially allylated PSU bearing amine or sulfonyl groups were also synthesized. These compounds are expected to be used as precursors for designing new crosslinked molecular imprinting membranes (MIMs), exhibiting high stability of the template memory

Chemically modified polysulfones for molecular imprinting. Synthesis and complexation with a fluorescent model template

Polysulfone (PSU) was chemically modified to prepare new molecular imprinted membranes (MIMs). Several amounts of amine and sulfonyl groups were introduced into the PSU chemical structure in order to create interactions with acid or base templates, such as biomolecules or biomacromolecules. A fluorescent dye, Acridine Orange base (AO), was used as a model template and its complexation with the prepared PSUs was monitored by spectroscopic techniques. This study showed an absence of complexation with the native PSU and a strong complexation with the aminated and the sulfonated PSUs. Partially allylated PSU bearing amine or sulfonyl groups were also synthesized. These compounds are expected to be used as precursors for designing new crosslinked molecular imprinting membranes (MIMs), exhibiting high stability of the template memory

Genital Schistosomiasis in European Women

Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is an isolated chronic form of schistosomiasis. Although most infections occur in residents of endemic areas, it has been clearly documented that brief freshwater exposure is sufficient to establish infection; thus, travellers may also be infected. The clinical manifestations of FGS are nonspecific, and lesions may mimic any neoplastic or infectious process in the female genital tract. It is important to take a careful history and physical examination, making sure to consider travel history in endemic areas. The diagnosis is confirmed by microscopy with egg identification or by serology. The standard of care for treatment is a single dose of oral praziquantel which avoids complications and substantial morbidity. Herein, we report a rare and original case of FGS in a European woman

Fluid phase equilibria prediction of fluorocompound-containing binary systems with the predictive E-PPR78 model

International audienceIn order to reduce the overall emissions of greenhouse gases and to be in compliance with the current environmental regulations, a new class of refrigerants, making use of fluorocompounds has appeared. Such refrigerants are often blends of alkanes, CO 2 and fluorocompounds. Consequently an equation of state (EoS) able to predict the properties of both pure compounds and multi-component systems is required to design processes involving fluorocompounds or to implement a product-design approach aimed at identifying new refrigerant mixtures. It is however well-acknowledged that the phase behavior of binary systems like, e.g., an alkane and its corresponding perfluoroalkane, show significant deviations from ideality that need to be accurately accounted for by a thermodynamic model. In this study, in order to get a predictive model applicable to fluorocompound-containing binary systems, six groups were added to the Enhanced-PPR78 model which combines the Peng-Robinson EoS and a group contribution method aimed at estimating the binary interaction parameters, () ij kT, involved in Van der Waals one-fluid mixing rules

Measurement of CO 2 + freon phase equilibria and extension of the predictive E-PPR78 equation of state to freon-containing systems

International audienceScientific topic: 2 (equations of state) Abstract Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have a high ozone depletion potential (ODP) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. Consequently, refrigeration and airconditioning industries carry out extensive researches to find highly efficient alternative refrigerants with zero ODP and GWP lower than 150. The search for next-generation refrigerants requires the preselection of good candidate likely to exhibit low environmental impact and leading to high thermodynamic cycle efficiency. To do so, disposing of powerful predictive thermodynamic models is a necessary prerequisite. In this work, the well established E-PPR78 predictive equation of state was extended to systems containing freons. Therefore, 6 different groups were added to the 21 already-existing groups: group 22: CF 3-CF 3 (R116), group 23:-CF 3 , group 24:-CF 2 , group 25: =CF 2 / =CF-, group 26: CHF 2-CH 3 (R152a), group 27: CF 3-CH 2 F (R134a). All the experimental data available in the open literature were then selected to estimate the various group interaction parameters between the 6 new groups and the 21 previously defined. To complete the study, vapor-liquid equilibrium and critical data for the CO 2 + R1234yf and CO 2 + R1234ze(E) systems – deemed as promising alternative refrigerant mixtures – were measured and correlated. The E-PPR78 equation of state finally shows a good ability to model the large variety of phase behaviors encountered in this class of fluids (criticality, azeotropy, liquid-liquid equilibria, vapor-liquid-liquid equilibria etc.) and consequently

Recurrence of Mitotically Active Cellular Fibroma of the Ovary

Background. 10% of ovarian fibromatous tumours typically exhibit increased cellularity, mitotic activity, and less frequently nuclear atypia. Therefore, the classification within the group of fibromatous tumours may represent some difficulties, thus, one or several of these features should appear. Case. We introduce the clinical and pathologic features based on one case of recurrence of a mitotically active cellular ovarian fibroma (MACF) in the pararectal fossa. This recurrence took place six years after primary surgery. Macroscopically, the tumour was firm, fibrous, well delimited, yellow-white without gross necrosis. On microscopic examination, it was composed of a densely cellular proliferation of fibrolastic-like cells with bland nuclear features and arranged in a fascicular pattern. There was no sign of significant atypia or necrosis. Conclusion. Recently, this case is the first report of a recurrence of MACF, following primary surgery with no tumoral rupture or surgical difficulty. The clinical outcome of ovarian cellular fibromas (CFs) and MACFs is typically uneventful. This case, however, strongly suggests maintaining a long-term clinical follow-up even though the principal tumour was surgically treated without tumour rupture or in the absence of adherence or any surgical difficulty