Sexual discourse in the context of AIDS: dominant themes on adolescent sexuality among primary school pupils in Magu district, Tanzania

School pupils in Tanzania have been identified as a risk group for HIV/AIDS, so a large part of TANESA’S anthropological research is aimed at charting and understanding forms of sexual risk behaviour among adolescents with a view to influencing change. This study presents the dominant themes of sexual discourse among adolescent primary school pupils in Magu district along the south-eastern shores of Lake Victoria in Tanzania. The themes are: love and sex; sexual desire; money and rewards; and deception. The fear of pregnancy also emerges as a dominant theme. Because of the nature and extent of their sexual relationships, school pupils will be increasingly exposed to the risk of HIV and STD infection. This is exacerbated by the lack of condom availability and the proscribed nature of sex (and therefore condom use) among primary school pupils

Comparing Prevalence of Alcohol Use Among Children And Adolescents Aged 6 To 13 Years In Rural Vs Urban Areas: A Systematic Review and Meta Analyses

M.Phil. in Global Health - ThesisINTH395AMAMD-GLO

The Effect of Non-Verbal Communication on the Effectiveness of Classroom Teaching: The Case of BTCA Students at the Institute of Accountancy Arusha

The study on the effect of non-verbal communication on the effectiveness of classroom teaching was conducted at the Institute of Accountancy Arusha main campus. The study used a sample of 100 respondents who were selected randomly from BTCA students in the communication skills module at the Institute of Accountancy Arusha. The study used an explanatory sequential design that allowed the combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques in two phases, Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires, while qualitative data were collected through interviews. Validity and reliability were tested by using Cronbach alpha and content validity index respectively. These tests yielded 0.79 and 0.85 respectively indicating that the tools and their findings were reliable and valid. Data analysis was done by using simple linear regression and content analysis for quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The study found that there is a significant moderate positive relationship between the use of non-verbal communication on the effectiveness of classroom teaching. This study has found that effective use of non-verbal communication in classroom teaching leads to effective classroom teaching. Furthermore, the study has found that some students are not aware of the use of non-verbal communication signs. Also, it was found that some teachers use irrelevant non-verbal communication. The current study recommends that teachers should use non-verbal communication effectively but students must be trained on the usefulness of non-verbal communication in learning. Furthermore, there is a need for teachers to use relevant non-verbal communication signs in teaching as respondents said that there are signs that are considered to be non-verbal communication but when teachers use them students never understand them.&nbsp

Dendritic Cell Algorithm with Optimised Parameters using Genetic Algorithm

Intrusion detection systems are developed with the abilities to discriminate between normal and anomalous traffic behaviours. The core challenge in implementing an intrusion detection systems is to determine and stop anomalous traffic behavior precisely before it causes any adverse effects to the network, information systems, or any other hardware and digital assets which forming or in the cyberspace. Inspired by the biological immune system, Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) is a classification algorithm developed for the purpose of anomaly detection based on the danger theory and the functioning of human immune dendritic cells. In its core operation, DCA uses a weighted sum function to derive the output cumulative values from the input signals. The weights used in this function are either derived empirically from the data or defined by users. Due to this, the algorithm opens the doors for users to specify the weights that may not produce optimal result (often accuracy). This paper proposes a weight optimisation approach implemented using the popular stochastic search tool, genetic algorithm. The approach is validated and evaluated using the KDD99 dataset with promising results generated

The effects of unavailability of technical storage facilities to the marketing of fruits and vegetables for economic development in Morogoro rural and urban districts

Fruits and Vegetables are basically horticultural products, which deteriorate fast after harvest. High moisture contents and tenderness characterize them. These fruits and vegetables had a very low profile in Morogoro region in the past, but since 1980s they are increasingly being strategic products because they provide employment and contribute to family income. This paper is based on the authors' study (1998) on “the effects of the unavailability of the technical storage facilities to the marketing of fruits and vegetables for economic development in the two districts”. The study focused on the major causes of fruits and vegetables its losses and on determination of the trend and constraints pertaining to the fruits and vegetables production and marketing. Primary data were obtained through interviews with randomly selected fruits and vegetables farmers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Other data were obtained through group discussions with key informants and personal observations and notes in diary form. The data analysis employed the use of descriptive The main losses identified were both qualitative and quantitative resulting from damages occurring mainly during transportation and unavailability of technical storage facilities at the markets. The paper concludes that Morogoro rural and urban districts seriously lack transport and storage facilities for horticultural products. Intervention strategies that have to be taken to improve the marketing and storage of vegetables and fruits in Morogoro rural and urban district are presented

A Comparative Study of Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm optimisation for Dendritic Cell Algorithm

Dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) is a class of artificial immune systems that was originally developed for anomaly detection in networked systems and later as a general binary classifier. Conventionally, in its life cycle, the DCA goes through four phases including feature categorisation into artificial signals, context detection of data items, context assignment, and finally labeling of data items as either abnormal or normal class. During the context detection phase, the DCA requires users to manually pre-define the parameters used by its weighted function to process the signals and data items. Notice that the manual derivation of the parameters of the DCA cannot guarantee the optimal set of weights being used, research attention has thus been attracted to the optimisation of the parameters. This paper reports a systematic comparative study between Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm optimisation (PSO) on parameter optimisation for DCA. In order to evaluate the performance of GADCA and PSO-DCA, twelve publicly available datasets from UCI machine learning repository were employed. The performance results based on the computational time, classification accuracy, sensitivity, F-measure, and precision show that, the GA-DCA overall outperforms PSO-DCA for most of the datasets

Incentives for wetlands conservation in the Mufindi wetlands of the Great Ruaha River Tanzania

Sustainable wetland management has to some extent become a high  priority for world’s environmentalists. Achieving sustainable wetland  management may require an increase in the voluntary adoption of best  management practices by both local communities and the government. This may be preceded by more tailored suite of incentive measures which  are effective in encouraging local people to adopt proper management practices. This study presents results from a study done in the Little Ruaha catchment of the Great Ruaha River Basin. Household surveys were done to assess the relevant incentives for wetlands management and how local  communities perceived the incentive and incentive mechanisms for sustainable wetland management. It was revealed that not every member of the community was motivated to conserve wetland and thus the  perceived wetland conservation incentives also vary greatly. Among  preferred incentives were; joint management, privatization, alternativeincome generating activities and land use rights/legal land ownership. Government policies and regulations were not perceived as real incentives. This study recommends a ‘tool-box’ of incentives which will encourage a range of local people in different situations to conserve wetlands. However, the tool box of incentives and their programs should be implemented with extra cautions as it may result into perverse incentives and consequently lead into unequal benefit sharing becoming disincentives to conservation and further degradation of wetlands.Key Words: Incentives; Disincentives; Wetlands; Great Ruaha Rive

The protection and promotion of the rights of journalists in Tanzania.

The ability to freely acquire, search for, disseminate, and express opinions and ideas is foundational in a democratic society. When a state effectively safeguards the right to freedom of expression of all citizens, this has a rollover effect on other fundamental human rights. Freedom of expression often operates in tandem with the right to information, equality and human dignity. To this effect, freedom of expression has been recognized as a fundamental human right in various international, regional and sub-regional instruments. The scope and limitations of the right to freedom of expression has, over the years, been developed through regional and sub-regional cases. These cases have noted that, on the one hand, freedom of expression goes beyond a mere aspiration of states. State Parties to human rights’ instruments are bound by an obligation to give effect to this right. On the other hand, however, freedom of expression is not absolute and can be limited where such limitation is necessary, lawful, and proportional. Within the United Republic of Tanzania, techniques have been adopted to limit the right to freedom of expression of journalists. These range from the use of national laws to fines, suspensions, and imprisoning of journalists, to extrajudicial acts such as enforced disappearances in more extreme cases. Although, these techniques are not unique to the United Republic of Tanzania as the same ill treatment of journalists’ practices can be found in other countries. This study evaluates whether the legal framework, as well as the actions of the United Republic of Tanzania, in effect, protect and promote the right to freedom of expression specifically the rights of journalists. This study is divided in five chapters which aim to provide an in-depth coverage of the human rights systems in operation that are apply to journalists in Tanzania. The study also considers limitations in the regional, subregional and national legal frameworks and concludes with recommendations that could be adopted to ensure compliance with sub-regional, regional and international standards.Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty Law, Criminal and Procedural Law, 202

Assessment of pastoralists’ vulnerability to trypanosomiasis and effects of climate on tsetse and trypanosomes distribution in Tanzania’s Maasai steppe

A dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Life Science of the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and TechnologyFor decades, pastoralists have had their adaptation strategies that enable them to thrive in harsh environments. However, changing climate and land management regimes, coupled with under-investments in pastoral areas, threaten to overwhelm pastoralists’ traditional adaptation methods. This could potentially increase vulnerability of pastoral communities to multiple stressors, including trypanosomiasis. Trypanosomiasis is caused by a parasitic protozoan of Trypanosoma spp where tsetse flies are the main vector. Trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease, yet a disease of public health and socio-economic concern. It exacerbates economic hardships due to loss of livestock or through additional costs needed to control and treat the disease. Despite these concerns, information about where and when to expect high burden of tsetse flies and trypanosomes remain limited, and control strategies, if offered, are often ineffective. This study therefore assessed pastoralists’ vulnerability to trypanosomiasis, seasonality of tsetse fly abundance, prevalence of trypanosome infections in the vector, and potential impacts of climate change on tsetse fly distribution. The study incorporated social and ecological analytical techniques including ArcGIS 10.4, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and species distribution modelling (SDM). Emboreet and Loibor-Sireet Wards in Simanjiro district were identified as the most vulnerable locations to trypanosomiasis. Three tsetse fly species (Glossina m. morsitans, Glossina pallidipes and Glossina swynnertoni) and three trypanosome species (T.vivax, T.congolense and T. brucei) were found in the study area. Tsetse fly relative abundance and trypanosome prevalence peaked in July and October, respectively. Maximum and minimum temperature negatively affected abundance of G. m. morsitans and G. swynnertoni, respectively. Trypanosome prevalence was negatively correlated with tsetse abundance but positively correlated with temperature. The climate tsetse fly relationships were used in the SDM to show that by the year 2050, the habitable area of G. m. morsitans, G. pallidipes and G. swynnertoni may decrease to 23.13%, 12.9% and 22.8% of current suitable habitat (19 224.58 km2 , 7113.37 km2 and 32 335.27 km2 ), respectively in the study area. These results provide useful information to inform communities, health and livestock development sectors and tsetse fly control units on where and when to expect the highest risk of trypanosomiasis infection in the Maasai Steppe and plan accordingly. ii Keywords: Pastoralist, vulnerability, trypanosomiasis, adaptation, tsetse, trypanosome prevalence, seasonality, SDM, Maasai Steppe, Tanzani

The price of promiscuity: why urban males in Tanzania are changing their sexual behaviour

This article presents evidence of a substantial change in sexual behaviour among urban factory workers during the last four years; it discusses the nature of this change and the reasons for it. Fear of AIDS was the main motivating factor, followed by economic hardship: because AIDS is incurable and because sexual relationships have a substantial transactional component, workers see themselves as paying the price of promiscuity with their lives as well as their dwindling financial resources. Respondents preferred partner reduction, and in particular sticking to one partner, to condom use. Condoms were not popular, mainly because of fears that they were impregnated with HIV and because of their association with promiscuous behaviour