Monitoring and evaluation of the best mapping approach of the environmental impacts and land cover changes caused with the reveal of the quarry using the landsat and UAV images

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial TechnologiesThe major incidents caused from mine waste and poor monitoring of the quarry sites in Serbia has caused the formation of a large number of contaminated areas that are causing environmental and social impacts and land cover changes. Related impacts in the European countries has initiated the formation of the environmental legislation for the prevention of the quarry risks on the environment. This project evaluates the EU MWD Protocol on the real case of the quarry site “Gradinje”. The protocol is linked with the GIS system and showed the presence of the contamination, which later was mapped using the most adequate classification approach. Pixel based image analysis approaches for classifying land cover classes are compared using three supervised classification algorithms: maximum likelihood (ML), support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF). Concerning the comparison between different classification predictions, the McNemar test indicated that the observed difference between the two machine learning algorithms (RF and SVM) was not statistically significant (p = 0.2278 > 0.05). However, there was not a statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) in classification accuracy between map produced using SVM algorithm and RF algorithm. Classification based on SVM and RF algorithms produced map that is more visually adequate depiction of land cover classes than that produced by ML algorithm. Overall, two machine learning algorithms seems superior than ML algorithm in land cover classification using medium spatial resolution imagery in term of performance based on classification accuracy

STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOSYL AMIDES BY TRACELESS STAUDINGER LIGATION OF GLYCOSYL AZIDES

alpha-Glycosyl amides represent a little known class of non-hydrolysable monosaccharide derivatives that may find useful application as sugar mimics and neo-glycoconjugates. Their stereoselective synthesis has proven difficult because glycosyl amines are not configurationally stable and undergo easy alpha to beta\uf020anomerization. Various methods have been proposed to get around this problem by reducing alpha glycosyl azides in the presence of acylating agents, but only a few have been reported to afford alpha-glycosyl amides, most of which require two steps and/or have been described for a limited number of substrates. Much work has been devoted to the Staudinger reduction/acylation process, which consists in the reduction of glycosyl azides with phosphines in the presence of carboxylic acids or derivatives. In this PhD thesis we have developed a stereoconservative Staudinger ligation of unprotected fluorophenyl esters to afford \u3b1- and \u3b2-N-glycosyl amino acids. The ligation method works reliably well for unprotected \u3b2-azides of the gluco, galacto and fuco series. Lower yields (ca. 50%) were obtained with a \u3b2-glucosyl-Nacetyl azide. The reaction of an \u3b1-glucosyl azide also led to major improvements compared with the use of non-fluorinated phosphines. All the N-glycosyl amino acid products can be isolated and by-products removed from the crude reaction mixtures by simple water extraction. alpha- or beta-glycofuranosyl amides can be synthesized with high stereoselectivity by traceless Staudinger ligation using a non-fluorinated phosphines, starting from unprotected beta-glycofuranosyl azide or tetra-O-acetyl-beta-glycofuranosyl azide, respectively. In particular, the resulting galactofuranosyl amides are hitherto unknown molecules, with interesting potential as inhibitors of mycobacterial growth especially for the alpha compounds

A cluster analysis of European life in recovery data: what are the typical patterns of recovery experience?

Introduction: There is little research around recovery career pathways and how they cluster together by individual and situational factors and over different time courses, based on the Betty Ford Institute characterisation of early, sustained and stable recovery. Method: This paper uses a cluster analysis with data from the European Life in Recovery (LiR) survey to produce typologies of recovery careers around stages of recovery: early (5 years). A secondary aim was to explore evidence of national variations among clusters. Results: Cluster analysis identified five typologies, broadly reflecting the three stages. ‘Early and Younger’ participants had the highest barriers and lowest strengths in recovery and were most likely to reside in Spain, Portugal and Poland. ‘Sustained but struggling to overcome barriers’ participants were characterized by high strengths in active addiction but most barriers in recovery and mainly resided in the Netherlands and Belgium. ‘Stable A: Employed, Parents with self-directed recoveries’reported higher barriers and lowest strengths in active addiction and were mainly from the Balkan countries. ‘Stable B: educated recovery veterans’ participants experienced the most barriers in active addiction but also the most strengths in recovery and were largely from the UK. ‘Mixed stages and older’ showed least barriers in recovery and highest strengths in active addiction and were also mainly from the UK. Implications: Structural and cultural factors (possibly including location) are important in recovery journeys and that, while all recovery journeys are unique, there are clusters of characteristics broadly consistent with the Betty Ford Institute stages approach of early, sustained and stable recovery

Impacts of behavioural factors on the household water consumption in urban areas

Gaps in understanding what influences household water consumption has led water providers failing to convince their customers to report sustainable practices. To this end, the present study aimed to answer the question, “How do social and cultural factors influence water consumption in urban areas”? The response to this issue has been identified through an investigation that involved a group of selected socio-cultural factors, whose analysis was based on collected survey data from participants in Lagos-Nigeria, Salvador-Brazil, Sao Paulo-Brazil, London-UK and Los Angeles-USA. The Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model was used as a data analysis framework to identify influences. The investigation revealed that Motivation is the most reported driver of water consumption. In a scale from 0 (lowest) to 5 (highest), this component presented the most significant scores in Lagos (3.93), Salvador (4.13), Sao Paulo (3.88), London (4.13) and Los Angeles (3.59). The Capability dimension had the second-highest weight in Lagos, Salvador, Sao Paulo, and Los Angeles, with scores of 2.80, 3.60, 3.60 and 3.20, respectively. Participants from London have Opportunity (score= 2.88) as the second influential pillar in water consumption. These findings are aimed at helping to best drive water saving practices by gaining insight into factors underpinning water consumption in a structured manner

New City = New Friends? The Restructuring of Social Resources after Relocation

Trotz der enormen Bedeutung räumlich naher Kontakte gibt es erstaunlich wenige Erkenntnisse darüber, welche Auswirkungen ein Wohnortwechsel auf das verfügbare Sozialkapital einer Person hat. Ausgehend von einer prozessualen Beschreibung der Veränderungen im Zugang zu sozialem Kapital nach einem Wohnortwechsel werden Hypothesen zum Zusammenhang von residenzieller Mobilität und Sozialkapital aufgestellt. Es wird erwartet, dass soziales Kapital durch einen Wohnortwechsel teilweise entwertet und teilweise neu aufgebaut wird, und dass mit der Wohndauer an einem Ort das soziale Kapital anwächst, wobei im zeitlichen Ablauf Aufbau- und Konsolidierungsphasen zu unterscheiden sind. Mit Daten einer Bevölkerungsumfrage wird in multivariaten Tests nachgewiesen, dass die Mobilitätseffekte die erwarteten Wirkungen entfalten. So verfügen Zugezogene und Einheimische zwar in gleichem Maße über soziales Kapital, dies ist aber in beiden Gruppen unterschiedlich zusammengesetzt. Zudem wird nachgewiesen, dass Zugezogene soziales Kapital in Aufbau- und Konsolidierungsphasen entwickeln.Despite the significance of spatially proximate social contacts, there is little evidence about the effects of residential mobility on the social capital available to an individual. Based on theoretical considerations of the accumulation process of social capital after relocation, we derive hypotheses about the consequences of residential mobility on social capital. Firstly, we expect a partial devaluation of social capital in the origin region after the move and compensatory investments in social capital at the new location. Secondly, we assume that social capital increases with the length of residence and distinguish accumulation and consolidation phases. Multivariate analysis based on survey data yields the expected consequences of mobility. Movers and native residents possess an equal amount of social capital; however, the composition of social capital differs between the two groups. Additionally, we decompose the length of residence into several time intervals to provide evidence for both the constituting and consolidating phases in the creation of social capital

Unerwartete Verliererinnen? Überraschende Gewinnerinnen? Beruflich bedingte Umzüge ost- und westdeutscher Paare

Der Beitrag untersucht beruflich bedingte Umzüge ost- und westdeutscher Paare sowie die Effekte der Migration auf das Einkommen der PartnerInnen. Auf der Grundlage eines verhandlungstheoretischen Ansatzes partnerschaftlicher Entscheidungsprozesse, der die internen Merkmale der Partnerschaft explizit mit den äußeren regionalen und sozio-ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen verknüpft, können eine Reihe neuer Hypothesen zu den geschlechtsspezifischen Determinanten und Konsequenzen von Haushaltsumzügen abgeleitet werden. Als empirische Datenbasis dienen die Erhebungswellen 1992 bis 2008 des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP), die anhand von Längsschnittanalysen ausgewertet werden. Die lediglich auf den ersten Blick kontraintuitiven Ergebnisse stehen im Einklang mit den theoretischen Überlegungen und legen nahe, dass insbesondere gut gebildete westdeutsche Frauen in Partnerschaften von Umzügen profitieren können, wohingegen ostdeutsche Frauen mit hohem Bildungsniveau nicht in der Lage sind, Umzüge zu ihren Gunsten zu initiieren.The article analyzes job-related migration decisions of couples in East and West Germany and their effects on the partners' individual earnings. Based on a bargaining model of household decisions and considering both the internal determinants of the partnership and the regional socio-economic conditions, we derive new hypotheses about the genderspecific determinants and consequences of household migration. The empirical investigation involves a longitudinal analysis based on the 1992-2008 waves of the Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). Counter-intuitively but in line with our theoretical predictions, results indicate that well-educated women in West Germany can gain significantly from a household move, while highly qualified women in East Germany do not seem to be able to initiate moves to advance their own career

Perylenetetracarboxy-3,4:9,10-diimide derivatives with large two-photon absorption activity

Three new perylenetetracarboxy-3,4:9,10-diimides, bearing 2,6-diisopropylphenyl groups at the imide positions and 4-(R-ethynyl)phenoxy moieties (R = 4,7-di(2-thienyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (P2), pyrene (P3) or pyrene-CH2OCH2 (P4)) at the four bay positions, were prepared, along with the known related derivative (R = phenyl (P1)), and well characterized. They have large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-sections (sigma(2)), as determined by the Z-scan technique, the highest values being reached with P2 which bears a planar -delocalized donor moiety. P3 is characterized by higher sigma(2) values than both P1, as expected for the higher -conjugation of the donor pyrene moiety with respect to phenyl, and P4, due to the presence of the flexible and non-conjugated CH2OCH2 bridge between the pyrene and the ethynyl fragment in the latter compound. The molecular geometry of P1-P4 has been optimized by DFT modeling, showing that in P2 and P3 the bay substituents are stacked due to the - interactions of both pyrene and thiophene groups. The LUMO of P1-P4 lies at the same energy and is essentially delocalized on the perylene core whereas the HOMO and HOMO-1 of both P2 and P3 are degenerate and do not show contribution from the perylene core contrarily to that of P1 and P4. The HOMO-LUMO gap is therefore essentially influenced by the HOMO which reflects the electronic charge delocalization on the bay substituents, the lower gaps being observed for P2 and P3, which are characterized by the best TPA properties

Platinum(II) complexes with cyclometallated 5-pi-delocalized-donor-1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene ligands as efficient phosphors for NIR-OLEDs

Two new pincer proligands, namely 5-(p-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenylethynyl)-1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene (HL1) and trans-5-(p-(N,N-diphenylamino)styryl-1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene (HL2) were prepared together with their N^C^N-coordinated cyclometallated platinum(II) complexes PtL1X (X = Cl, NCS) and PtL2Cl. Both ligands are intensely luminescent in solution (quantum yields > 0.8). PtL1X complexes display high quantum yields in solution whereas that of PtL2Cl is very low due to the ease with which trans to cis isomerisation of the diphenylaminostyryl C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond occurs. Distinct sets of emission bands attributable to the cis and trans forms are observable in glass at 77 K, the assignments being supported by TD-DFT calculations. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been prepared using the new compounds as phosphorescent emitters. Remarkably, despite the inferior quantum yield of PtL2Cl in solution, the best electroluminescence quantum efficiencies are obtained with this complex, which emerges as an excellent candidate for the preparation of NIR-OLEDs