St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): A Review of its Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical properties

St John's wort (also known as hypericum, millepertuis) is Hypericum perforatum L., Hypericaceae, an herbaceous perennial plant native to Europe and Asia, and which has been introduced into the United States where it has naturalized (38). The chemical composition of St. John's wort has been well-studied. Documented pharmacological activities, including antidepressant, antiviral, and antibacterial effects, provide supporting evidence for several of the traditional uses stated for St John's wort. Many pharmacological activities appear to be attributable to hypericin and to the flavanoid constituents; hypericin is also reported to be responsible for the photosensitive reactions that have been documented for St. John's wort. This systematic review overviews the literature on the use of St. John’s Wort for chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties

A study of biofilm production in clinical isolates of Staphylococci at a tertiary care hospital, Bangalore

Background: The Biofilms are densely packed communities of microorganisms consisting of layers of cell clusters embedded in a matrix of extracellular polysaccharide called polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. This layer impedes the delivery of antibiotics to the biofilm forming microbial cells leading to emergence of drug resistance. Staphylococci are commensal bacteria on the human skin and mucous membranes. So it may be easily introduced as a contaminant during the surgical intervention. So, this study was conducted to identify the Biofilm producing strains from clinical isolates of Staphylococci.Methods: A total of 182 non-repetitive clinical strains of Staphylococci isolated from various clinical samples from Feb 2014 to Oct 2014 were included in the study. All the isolates were identified using standard microbiological procedures. All the samples were tested for biofilm production by modified Congo-red agar method and tube method.Results: Out of 182 samples that were included in the study, a total of 90 (49.45%) samples showed biofilm formation of which 58 (75.32%) were methicillin resistant and 32 (30.47%) were methicillin sensitive. Also these strains were resistant to other antibiotics.  Conclusion: Our study showed biofilm production by methicillin resistant strains which were also multidrug resistant. Treatment of methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococci is one of the most challenging task for the clinicians and the microbiologists. So they should be routinely screened for biofilm formation in order to prevent emergence and spread of multidrug resistant strains.

A study of superficial surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital at Bangalore

Background: All postoperative surgical infections occurring in an operative site are termed surgical site infections (SSI). Superficial incisional surgical site infection occurs within 30 days after the operation and infection involves only skin or subcutaneous tissue of the incision and represents a substantial burden of disease for patients and health services. The study was conducted to know the incidence of surgical site infection in our hospital, risk factors associated with it and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the pathogens.Methods:This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology at Dr B R AMC for a period of 1 year from Jan 2013to Jan 2014. Samples of SSI received in the Microbiology laboratory were processed and Data collected.Results:The overall surgical site infection rate in our hospital during the study period is 4.3%. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was the most common isolate obtained followed by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS). Other organisms isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Among them, 88.8% of S. aureus and 50% of CONS isolates were methicillin-resistant strains. 80% of E. coli and 100% of Klebsiella species were ESBL producers. 50% of Enterococci were Vancomycin resistant. Risk factors like diabetes mellitus and duration plays a significant role in causing surgical site infection.Conclusion:Implementation of an effective infection control programme and judicious use of antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the incidence of SSI in the hospital.

Isolation and speciation of Enterococci from various clinical samples and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern with special reference to high level Aminoglycoside resistance

Background and Objectives: Enterococci are important nosocomial agents and strains resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics occur frequently. Enterococci are intrinsically resistant to cephalosporins and offer low level resistance to aminoglycosides. In penicillin sensitive strains, synergism occurs with combination treatment with penicillin and aminoglycoside. Serious infections caused by them are treated with penicillin and aminoglycoside combination. But the synergistic effect is lost, when the strain develops high level aminoglycoside resistance. The choice of drug for infections due to such strains is vancomycin. The present study was carried out to isolate and speciate Enterococci from various clinical samples, to know the susceptibility pattern of the isolates, to determine the High Level Aminoglycoside Resistance (HLAR) among Enterococcal isolates. Methods: A total of One hundred Enterococcal species isolated from various clinical samples were identified by various biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and HLAR were determined by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 100 Enterococcal isolates, 59 were E. faecalis, 38 were E. faecium, 3 were other Enterococcal species. Among these 53 isolates showed High Level Aminoglycoside Resistance. Conclusion: Present study shows the presence of drug resistance to most of commonly used antibiotics and HLAR is also more in E.faecium compared to E.fecalis

Engineered Anopheles Immunity to Plasmodium Infection

A causative agent of human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. The malaria parasite is under intensive attack from the mosquito's innate immune system during its sporogonic development. We have used genetic engineering to create immune-enhanced Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes through blood meal-inducible expression of a transgene encoding the IMD pathway-controlled NF-kB Rel2 transcription factor in the midgut and fat-body tissue. Transgenic mosquitoes showed greater resistance to Plasmodium and microbial infection as a result of timely concerted tissue-specific immune attacks involving multiple effectors. The relatively weak impact of this genetic modification on mosquito fitness under laboratory conditions encourages further investigation of this approach for malaria control

Predicting survival of de novo metastatic breast cancer in Asian women: Systematic review and validation study

10.1371/journal.pone.0093755PLoS ONE94-POLN

Comparing the effects of sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D insufficiency, and immune and cardio-metabolic function: The Sun Exposure and Vitamin D Supplementation (SEDS) Study

Background: Adults living in the sunny Australian climate are at high risk of skin cancer, but vitamin D deficiency (defined here as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration of less than 50 nmol/L) is also common. Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for a range of diseases. However, the optimal strategies to achieve and maintain vitamin D adequacy (sun exposure, vitamin D supplementation or both), and whether sun exposure itself has benefits over and above initiating synthesis of vitamin D, remain unclear. The Sun Exposure and Vitamin D Supplementation (SEDS) Study aims to compare the effectiveness of sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation for the management of vitamin D insufficiency, and to test whether these management strategies differentially affect markers of immune and cardio-metabolic function. Methods/Design: The SEDS Study is a multi-centre, randomised controlled trial of two different daily doses of vitamin D supplementation, and placebo, in conjunction with guidance on two different patterns of sun exposure. Participants recruited from across Australia are aged 18-64 years and have a recent vitamin D test result showing a serum 25(OH)D level of 40-60 nmol/L. Discussion: This paper discusses the rationale behind the study design, and considers the challenges but necessity of data collection within a non-institutionalised adult population, in order to address the study aims. We also discuss the challenges of participant recruitment and retention, ongoing engagement of referring medical practitioners and address issues of compliance and participant retention. Trial registration: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613000290796 Registered 14 March 2013

De Novo assembly and transcriptome analysis of the mediterranean fruit fly ceratitis capitata early embryos

The agricultural pest Ceratitis capitata, also known as the Mediterranean fruit fly or Medfly, belongs to the Tephritidae family, which includes a large number of other damaging pest species. The Medfly has been the first non-drosophilid fly species which has been genetically transformed paving the way for designing geneticbased pest control strategies. Furthermore, it is an experimentally tractable model, in which transient and transgene-mediated RNAi have been successfully used. We applied Illumina sequencing to total RNA preparations of 8-10 hours old embryos of C. capitata, This developmental window corresponds to the blastoderm cellularization stage. In summary, we assembled 42,614 transcripts which cluster in 26,319 unique transcripts of which 11,045 correspond to protein coding genes; we identified several hundreds of long ncRNAs; we found an enrichment of transcripts encoding RNA binding proteins among the highly expressed transcripts, such as CcTRA-2, known to be necessary to establish and, most likely, to maintain female sex of C. capitata. Our study is the first de novo assembly performed for Ceratitis capitata based on Illumina NGS technology during embryogenesis and it adds novel data to the previously published C. capitata EST databases. We expect that it will be useful for a variety of applications such as gene cloning and phylogenetic analyses, as well as to advance genetic research and biotechnological applications in the Medfly and other related Tephritidae

The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low- and middle-income countries: what does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal?

BACKGROUND: Chronic diseases contribute a large share of disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Chronic diseases have a tendency to occur simultaneously and where there are two or more such conditions, this is termed as 'multimorbidity'. Multimorbidity is associated with adverse health outcomes, but limited research has been undertaken in LMICs. Therefore, this study examines the prevalence and correlates of multimorbidity as well as the associations between multimorbidity and self-rated health, activities of daily living (ADLs), quality of life, and depression across six LMICs. METHODS: Data was obtained from the WHO's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave-1 (2007/10). This was a cross-sectional population based survey performed in LMICs, namely China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa, including 42,236 adults aged 18 years and older. Multimorbidity was measured as the simultaneous presence of two or more of eight chronic conditions including angina pectoris, arthritis, asthma, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, and vision impairment. Associations with four health outcomes were examined, namely ADL limitation, self-rated health, depression, and a quality of life index. Random-intercept multilevel regression models were used on pooled data from the six countries. RESULTS: The prevalence of morbidity and multimorbidity was 54.2 % and 21.9 %, respectively, in the pooled sample of six countries. Russia had the highest prevalence of multimorbidity (34.7 %) whereas China had the lowest (20.3 %). The likelihood of multimorbidity was higher in older age groups and was lower in those with higher socioeconomic status. In the pooled sample, the prevalence of 1+ ADL limitation was 14 %, depression 5.7 %, self-rated poor health 11.6 %, and mean quality of life score was 54.4. Substantial cross-country variations were seen in the four health outcome measures. The prevalence of 1+ ADL limitation, poor self-rated health, and depression increased whereas quality of life declined markedly with an increase in number of diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the challenge of multimorbidity in LMICs, particularly among the lower socioeconomic groups, and the pressing need for reorientation of health care resources considering the distribution of multimorbidity and its adverse effect on health outcomes