258 research outputs found
Partial resistance to leaf rust in a collection of ancient Spanish barleys
A collection of 569 Spanish barley accessions was screened for resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei Otth) in the field
at Cordoba during the 2000-2001 season. The level of resistance ranged from very low to very high. In 14% of the
accessions the relative AUDPC (L94 = 100 %) was lower than 10 %. Selected accessions that were most resistant in the
field, were tested in the seedling stage under controlled conditions. Macroscopic components of resistance indicated that
six lines had a high level of partial resistance close to check cv. Vada and one line a similar level of partial resistance.
Histological studies indicated that the resistance was based on a high percentage of early aborted colonies and reduction
in colony size without plant cell necrosis. Three of the selected lines showed high percentage of plant cell necrosis
associated with established colonies, which indicates a combination of prehaustorial resistance with late acting incomplete
posthaustorial resistance. Although the new barley varieties already incorporate some partial resistance, new sources of
partial resistance like these are needed to improve durability of the resistance
Dissection of the Barley 2L1.0 region carrying the ‘Laevigatum’ quantitative resistance gene to leaf rust using Near-Isogenic lines (NIL) and subNIL
Partial resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei G. H. Otth) in barley is a quantitative resistance that is not based on hypersensitivity. This resistance hampers haustorium formation, resulting in a long latency period in greenhouse tests. The three most consistent quantitative trait loci (QTL) uncovered in the L94 × ‘Vada’ mapping population were introgressed by marker-assisted backcrossing into the susceptible L94 background to obtain near-isogenic lines (NIL). We also developed the reciprocal Vada-NIL for the susceptibility alleles of those QTL. The QTL Rphq2 affected latency period of P. hordei more than the QTL Rphq3 and Rphq4. The NIL confirmed the contribution of Rphq2 to partial resistance by prolonging the latency period by 28 h on L94-Rphq2 and shortening the latency period by 23 h on Vada-rphq2. On the basis of flanking restriction fragment length polymorphism-based markers, Rphq2 appeared to be located near the telomeric end of the long arm of chromosome 2H, in a physical region of high recombination, making it the target QTL for map-based cloning. Microscopic observations on the NIL confirmed the nonhypersensitive nature of the resistance conferred by Rphq2. A high-resolution genetic map of the Rphq2 region was constructed using a population of 38 subNIL with overlapping L94 introgressions in Vada background across the region. Rphq2 mapped approximately 2 centimorgans (cM) proximal from the MlLa locus. By bulked segregant analysis and use of synteny with rice, we developed additional markers and fine-mapped Rphq2 to a genetic interval of 0.11 cM that corresponds to a stretch of sequence of, at most, 70 kb in rice. Analysis of this rice sequence revealed predicted genes encoding two proteins with unknown function, retrotransposon proteins, peroxidase proteins, and a protein similar to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K). Possible homologs of those peroxidases and MAP3K in barley are candidates for the gene that contributes to partial resistance to P. hordei
Resistance against barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) in West-European spring barley germplasm
The level and type of resistance against leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) was determined in modern spring barley
germplasm. In field trials all over Europe most accessions were in some locations and years significantly less infected
than the moderately resistant reference ‘Grit’. Differentiating P. hordei isolates indicated that most accessions carried
hypersensitivity (Rph) genes. A virulence survey indicated that among the known resistance genes, only Rph7 is still
fully effective in Europe. Some accessions carried undetermined hypersensitivity resistance gene(s) that were effective
to all isolates tested. The level of non-hypersensitivity or partial resistance was assessed from the latency period of the
fungus and the percentage of early aborted infection units not associated with plant cell necrosis. These parameters indicated
that several accessions had a level of partial resistance higher than that of the highly partially resistant ‘Vada’. We
concluded that barley breeders have achieved very high levels of partial resistance against P. hordei in spring barley
germplasm
Oidium neolycopersici: Intra-specific variability inferred from AFLP analysis and relationship with closely related powdery mildew fungi infecting various plant species
Previous works indicated a considerable variation in the pathogenicity, virulence, and host range of Oidium neolycopersici isolates causing tomato powdery mildew epidemics in many parts of the world. In this study, rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) patterns were analyzed in 17 O. neolycopersici samples collected in Europe, North America, and Japan, including those which overcame some of the tomato major resistance genes. The ITS sequences were identical in all 10 samples tested and were also identical to ITS sequences of eight previously studied O. neolycopersici specimens. The AFLP analysis revealed a high genetic diversity in O. neolycopersici and indicated that all 17 samples represented different genotypes. This might suggest the existence of either a yet unrevealed sexual reproduction or other genetic mechanisms that maintain a high genetic variability in O. neolycopersici. No clear correlation was found between the virulence and the AFLP patterns of the O. neolycopersici isolates studied. The relationship between O. neolycopersici and powdery mildew anamorphs infecting Aquilegia vulgaris, Chelidonium majus, Passiflora caerulea, and Sedum alboroseum was also investigated. These anamorphs are morphologically indistinguishable from and phylogenetically closely related to O. neolycopersici. The cross-inoculation tests and the analyses of ITS sequences and AFLP patterns jointly indicated that the powdery mildew anamorphs collected from the above mentioned plant species all represent distinct, but closely related species according to the phylogenetic species recognition. All these species were pathogenic only to their original host plant species, except O. neolycopersici which infected S. alboroseum, tobacco, petunia, and Arabidopsis thaliana, in addition to tomato, in cross-inoculation tests. This is the first genome-wide study that investigates the relationships among powdery mildews that are closely related based on ITS sequences and morphology. The results indicate that morphologically indistinguishable powdery mildews that differed in only one to five single nucleotide positions in their ITS region are to be considered as different taxa with distinct host ranges
Importance of the secondary genepool in barley genetics and breeding. II. Disease resistance, agronomic performance and quality
In this second paper on the use of secondary genepools in barley improvement, we describe the characterisation of leaf rust resistant recombinant lines (RLs) derived from Hordeum vulgare × H. bulbosum crosses. Twelve RLs were inoculated with leaf rust and the early stages of disease development were observed. Several RLs showed complete resistance to the pathogen, but others had a high level of partial resistance, which may be durable. Some of these RLs and others were tested in yield trials to determine the effects of introgressed chromatin from H. bulbosum on yield and quality. We conclude that there are no major adverse effects that cannot be overcome through normal breeding technique
Probing diffusion of water and metabolites to assess white matter microstructure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
\ua9 2024 The Author(s). NMR in Biomedicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive X-linked neuromuscular disorder caused by the absence of functional dystrophin protein. In addition to muscle, dystrophin is expressed in the brain in both neurons and glial cells. Previous studies have shown altered white matter microstructure in patients with DMD using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). However, DTI measures the diffusion properties of water, a ubiquitous molecule, making it difficult to unravel the underlying pathology. Diffusion-weighted spectroscopy (DWS) is a complementary technique which measures diffusion properties of cell-specific intracellular metabolites. Here we performed both DWS and DTI measurements to disentangle intra- and extracellular contributions to white matter changes in patients with DMD. Scans were conducted in patients with DMD (15.5 \ub1 4.6 y/o) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (16.3 \ub1 3.3 y/o). DWS measurements were obtained in a volume of interest (VOI) positioned in the left parietal white matter. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were calculated for total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), choline compounds (tCho), and total creatine (tCr). The tNAA/tCr and tCho/tCr ratios were calculated from the non-diffusion-weighted spectrum. Mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), axial diffusivity (AD), and fractional anisotropy of water within the VOI were extracted from DTI measurements. DWS and DTI data from patients with DMD (respectively n = 20 and n = 18) and n = 10 healthy controls were included. No differences in metabolite ADC or in concentration ratios were found between patients with DMD and controls. In contrast, water diffusion (MD, t = −2.727, p = 0.011; RD, t = −2.720, p = 0.011; AD, t = −2.715, p = 0.012) within the VOI was significantly higher in patients compared with healthy controls. Taken together, our study illustrates the potential of combining DTI and DWS to gain a better understanding of microstructural changes and their association with disease mechanisms in a clinical setting
Mapping genes in barley for resistance to Puccinia coronata from couch grass and to P. striiformis from brome, wheat and barley
Isolation and fine mapping of Rps6: An intermediate host resistance gene in barley to wheat stripe rust
A plant may be considered a nonhost of a pathogen if all known genotypes of a plant species are resistant to all known isolates of a pathogen species. However, if a small number of genotypes are susceptible to some known isolates of a pathogen species this plant maybe considered an intermediate host. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an intermediate host for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of wheat stripe rust. We wanted to understand the genetic architecture underlying resistance to Pst and to determine whether any overlap exists with resistance to the host pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei (Psh). We mapped Pst resistance to chromosome 7H and show that host and intermediate host resistance is genetically uncoupled. Therefore, we designate this resistance locus Rps6. We used phenotypic and genotypic selection on F2:3 families to isolate Rps6 and fine mapped the locus to a 0.1 cM region. Anchoring of the Rps6 locus to the barley physical map placed the region on two adjacent fingerprinted contigs. Efforts are now underway to sequence the minimal tiling path and to delimit the physical region harbouring Rps6. This will facilitate additional marker development and permit identification of candidate genes in the region
A high-density consensus map of barley to compare the distribution of QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei and of defence gene homologues
A consensus map of barley was constructed
based on three reference doubled haploid (DH) populations
and three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations.
Several sets of microsatellites were used as
bridge markers in the integration of those populations
previously genotyped with RFLP or with AFLP markers.
Another set of 61 genic microsatellites was
mapped for the Wrst time using a newly developed Xuorescent
labelling strategy, referred to as A/T labelling.
The Wnal map contains 3,258 markers spanning 1,081
centiMorgans (cM) with an average distance between
two adjacent loci of 0.33 cM. This is the highest density
of markers reported for a barley genetic map to date.
The consensus map was divided into 210 BINs of about
5 cM each in which were placed 19 quantitative trait
loci (QTL) contributing to the partial resistance to barley
leaf rust (Puccinia hordei Otth) in Wve of the integrated
populations. Each parental barley combination segregated
for diVerent sets of QTLs, with only few QTLs
shared by any pair of cultivars. Defence gene homologues
(DGH) were identiWed by tBlastx homology to
known genes involved in the defence of plants against
microbial pathogens. Sixty-three DGHs were located
into the 210 BINs in order to identify candidate genes
responsible for the QTL eVects. Eight BINs were cooccupied
by a QTL and DGH(s). The positional
candidates identiWed are receptor-like kinase, WIR1
homologues and several defence response genes like
peroxidases, superoxide dismutase and thaumatin
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