Preliminary study of the impact of Guadalhorce river mouth channeling (Málaga, Spain) on groundwater and related wetlands

Se trata de resultados preliminares que se están obteniendo en el Bajo Guadalhorce, en el marco de la tesis doctoral del primer firmanteIn riverine areas, many anthropogenic actions (modification of natural water courses, burying or channeling works, etc.) have been commonly applied worldwide to prevent floods in rivers, having negative environmental impacts on their dependent ecosystems. In the Guadalhorce River mouth (Málaga, Southern Spain), channeling works -including the splitting of the main channel into two branches before arriving to the sea- were conducted to reduce the flood risk in the surrounding urbanized areas near to the Mediterranean coast. In the framework of the monitoring program of the Guadalhorce Delta Wetlands, located between the branches of the ending river stretch, measurements of electrical conductivity in wetland water and groundwater table were performed, as well as the sampling of both water types. The results show a progressive increasing in the mineralization of wetland water, reaching values 50 times higher than the original ones. In the underlying aquifers, the mineralization of groundwater is generally less variable and lower than the recorded in the eighties and nineties, when a salt intrusion episode occurred. Before the river channel modification, the water flow from the aquifer to the wetlands and toward the river in its mouth was deduced. Today, the wetlands recharge locally the Quaternary aquifer and, consequently, induce the groundwater flow towards the both branches of the river and Mediterranean Sea. The variation of the morphodynamics in the Guadalhorce River mouth and the associated changes in land use have caused significant impacts on ground and surface water and their dependent wetlands.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Considerations about wastewater reuse in areas subjected to strong pressures in the South of Spain

Treated wastewater reuse is essential for water supply in areas where the pressure over water resources is high. This is the case of Costa del Sol and the Guadal-horce Valley, where a lot of water is required for urban, agricultural and recrea-tional uses. Most of this water is coming from natural sources instead of being reused, which percentage varies over Spain. In these areas, located in the Málaga province (Andalucía region), less than 6% of treated wastewater is assigned for any kind of use (garden irrigation and golf courses is the major one). Trying to solve this lack of reclaimed water, a wetlands restoration project was carried out in the Guadalhorce River Mouth, near the city of Málaga. Several lagoons were created using treated wastewater. Results were satisfactory with a clear increase in biodiversity, but employing a reduced amount of replenished water, due to the very strict requirements of the regional government. So, a great effort must be done to improve water reusing, especially in parts were freshwater is scarce (like S Spain and Mediterranean area), but also to hire well trained techniciansAsociación Internacional de Hidrogeólogos, Grupo Portugués International Association for Promoting Geoethics Instituto Superior de Engenharía de Porto Asociación Internacional de Hidrogeólogos, Grupo Españo

Optimizing Reflux Synthesis Method of Mo-V-Te-Nb mixed oxide Catalysts for Light Alkane Selective Oxidation

[EN] The investigation here presented studies the effect of the synthesis temperature (from 80 to 110 degrees C) and the time (from 1 to 4 days) employed to precipitate catalyst precursors by reflux method, on the physic-chemical and the catalytic properties of the resulting Mo-V-Te-Nb mixed oxide catalysts for both propane partial oxidation into acrylic acid and ethane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) to ethylene. The insight obtained has allowed an important optimization of the not commonly used reflux method to prepare Mo-V-Te-Nb oxide materials with competitive catalytic performance. The yields achieved overcome those from optimized catalysts prepared by conventional hydrothermal method, and approach those reached with catalysts prepared using the "slurry method". The optimum rise for the synthesis temperature is found as a key factor for the reflux method. It allows access to an increased vanadium content into the reflux precipitate, which favors the formation of a pseudo-amorphous Mo-V-Te-Nb oxometallate. This precipitate behaves as a precursor for the crystallization, during the solid-state activation step at high-temperature (600 degrees C/N-2), of the structure type (TeO)(2)M20O56 (M = Mo, V, Nb), key for the selective conversion of propane or ethane. On the other hand, for the optimum temperature of synthesis, i.e. 110 degrees C, higher synthesis time of the precursor leads to smaller crystal sizes in the final catalyst (higher specific surface areas) and lowers the average oxidation state of vanadium from V+5 to V+4, which significantly enhances the catalytic behavior.Authors gratefully acknowledge the funds from DGICYT (Spain) by the project RTI2018-099668-B-C21, as well as the funds from Comunidad de Madrid by the project 2017-T1/IND-6025 within the program "Atraccion y Retencion de Talento Investigador" of the V PRICIT.Massó Ramírez, A.; Ivars-Barceló, F.; López Nieto, JM. (2020). Optimizing Reflux Synthesis Method of Mo-V-Te-Nb mixed oxide Catalysts for Light Alkane Selective Oxidation. Catalysis Today. 356:322-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.10.030S322329356Grasselli, R. K., Burrington, J. D., Buttrey, D. J., DeSanto Jr., P., Lugmair, C. G., Volpe Jr., A. F., & Weingand, T. (2003). Topics in Catalysis, 23(1/4), 5-22. doi:10.1023/a:1024859917786Chieregato, A., López Nieto, J. M., & Cavani, F. (2015). Mixed-oxide catalysts with vanadium as the key element for gas-phase reactions. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 301-302, 3-23. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2014.12.003Védrine, J. C., & Fechete, I. (2016). Heterogeneous partial oxidation catalysis on metal oxides. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 19(10), 1203-1225. doi:10.1016/j.crci.2015.09.021Sprung, C., Yablonsky, G., Schlögl, R., & Trunschke, A. (2018). Constructing A Rational Kinetic Model of the Selective Propane Oxidation Over A Mixed Metal Oxide Catalyst. Catalysts, 8(8), 330. doi:10.3390/catal8080330Grasselli, R. K. (2014). Site isolation and phase cooperation: Two important concepts in selective oxidation catalysis: A retrospective. Catalysis Today, 238, 10-27. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2014.05.036López Nieto, J. M., Solsona, B., Concepción, P., Ivars, F., Dejoz, A., & Vázquez, M. I. (2010). Reaction products and pathways in the selective oxidation of C2–C4 alkanes on MoVTeNb mixed oxide catalysts. Catalysis Today, 157(1-4), 291-296. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2010.01.046Ushikubo, T., Oshima, K., Kayou, A., & Hatano, M. (1997). Ammoxidation of propane over Mo-V-Nb-Te mixed oxide catalysts. Spillover and Migration of Surface Species on Catalysts, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Spillover, 473-480. doi:10.1016/s0167-2991(97)80871-3Tsuji, H., & Koyasu, Y. (2002). Synthesis of MoVNbTe(Sb)Ox Composite Oxide Catalysts via Reduction of Polyoxometalates in an Aqueous Medium. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(20), 5608-5609. doi:10.1021/ja0122344BOTELLA, P. (2004). Selective oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane on MoVTeNbO mixed metal oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 225(2), 428-438. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2004.04.024J.M. López Nieto, P. Botella, M.I. Vázquez, A. Dejoz, Method for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane, US Patent 7,319,179 B2 (2008). J.M. López Nieto, P. Botella, M.I. Vázquez, A. Dejoz, Method for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane, EP 1,479,438 A1 (2004), assigned to CSIC and UPV.Dubois, J.-L. (2005). Selective oxidation of hydrocarbons and the global warming problem. Catalysis Today, 99(1-2), 5-14. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2004.09.019Gaffney, A. M., & Mason, O. M. (2017). Ethylene production via Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane using M1 catalyst. Catalysis Today, 285, 159-165. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2017.01.020Botella, P., García-González, E., López Nieto, J. M., & González-Calbet, J. M. (2005). MoVTeNbO multifunctional catalysts: Correlation between constituent crystalline phases and catalytic performance. Solid State Sciences, 7(5), 507-519. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.01.012CELAYASANFIZ, A., HANSEN, T., SAKTHIVEL, A., TRUNSCHKE, A., SCHLOGL, R., KNOESTER, A., … HAMID, S. (2008). How important is the (001) plane of M1 for selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid? Journal of Catalysis, 258(1), 35-43. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2008.05.028Nguyen, T. T., Deniau, B., Baca, M., & Millet, J.-M. M. (2016). Influence of Nb Content on the Structure, Cationic and Valence Distribution and Catalytic Properties of MoVTe(Sb)NbO M1 Phase Used as Catalysts for the Oxidation of Light Alkanes. Topics in Catalysis, 59(17-18), 1496-1505. doi:10.1007/s11244-016-0667-yBotella, P., López Nieto, J. M., Solsona, B., Mifsud, A., & Márquez, F. (2002). The Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Behavior of MoVTeNbO Catalysts Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis. Journal of Catalysis, 209(2), 445-455. doi:10.1006/jcat.2002.3648Vitry, D. (2003). Mo-V-Te-(Nb)-O mixed metal oxides prepared by hydrothermal synthesis for catalytic selective oxidations of propane and propene to acrylic acid. Applied Catalysis A: General, 251(2), 411-424. doi:10.1016/s0926-860x(03)00381-8Celaya Sanfiz, A., Hansen, T. W., Girgsdies, F., Timpe, O., Rödel, E., Ressler, T., … Schlögl, R. (2008). Preparation of Phase-Pure M1 MoVTeNb Oxide Catalysts by Hydrothermal Synthesis—Influence of Reaction Parameters on Structure and Morphology. Topics in Catalysis, 50(1-4), 19-32. doi:10.1007/s11244-008-9106-zBeato, P., Blume, A., Girgsdies, F., Jentoft, R. E., Schlögl, R., Timpe, O., … Mohd Salim, L. (2006). Analysis of structural transformations during the synthesis of a MoVTeNb mixed oxide catalyst. Applied Catalysis A: General, 307(1), 137-147. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2006.03.014HIBST, H., ROSOWSKI, F., & COX, G. (2006). New Cs-containing Mo–V4+ based oxides with the structure of the M1 phase—Base for new catalysts for the direct alkane activation. Catalysis Today, 117(1-3), 234-241. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2006.05.045Sanfiz, A. C., Hansen, T. W., Teschner, D., Schnörch, P., Girgsdies, F., Trunschke, A., … Hamid, S. B. A. (2010). Dynamics of the MoVTeNb Oxide M1 Phase in Propane Oxidation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114(4), 1912-1921. doi:10.1021/jp909352uKardash, T. Y., Lazareva, E. V., Svintsitskiy, D. A., Ishchenko, A. V., Bondareva, V. M., & Neder, R. B. (2018). The evolution of the M1 local structure during preparation of VMoNbTeO catalysts for ethane oxidative dehydrogenation to ethylene. RSC Advances, 8(63), 35903-35916. doi:10.1039/c8ra06424eConcepción, P., Hernández, S., & Nieto, J. M. L. (2011). On the nature of active sites in MoVTeO and MoVTeNbO catalysts: The influence of catalyst activation temperature. Applied Catalysis A: General, 391(1-2), 92-101. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2010.05.011Baca, M., & Millet, J.-M. M. (2005). Bulk oxidation state of the different cationic elements in the MoVTe(Sb)NbO catalysts for oxidation or ammoxidation of propane. Applied Catalysis A: General, 279(1-2), 67-77. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2004.10.014Lwin, S., Diao, W., Baroi, C., Gaffney, A., & Fushimi, R. (2017). Characterization of MoVTeNbOx Catalysts during Oxidation Reactions Using In Situ/Operando Techniques: A Review. Catalysts, 7(12), 109. doi:10.3390/catal7040109Ramli, I., Botella, P., Ivars, F., Pei Meng, W., Zawawi, S. M. M., Ahangar, H. A., … Nieto, J. M. L. (2011). Reflux method as a novel route for the synthesis of MoVTeNbOx catalysts for selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 342-343, 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2011.04.009BOTELLA, P., DEJOZ, A., LOPEZNIETO, J., CONCEPCION, P., & VAZQUEZ, M. (2006). Selective oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over MoVSbO mixed oxide catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 298, 16-23. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2005.09.018Leclaire, A., Borel, M. M., Chardon, J., & Raveau, B. (1995). A mixed valent Keggin polyoxometallate involving molybdenum and tungsten. Materials Research Bulletin, 30(9), 1075-1080. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(95)00103-4Corella-Ochoa, M. N., Miras, H. N., Kidd, A., Long, D.-L., & Cronin, L. (2011). Assembly of a family of mixed metal {Mo : V} polyoxometalates templated by TeO32−: {Mo12V12Te3}, {Mo12V12Te2} and {Mo17V8Te}. Chemical Communications, 47(31), 8799. doi:10.1039/c1cc12782aBotella, P., López Nieto, J. M., & Solsona, B. (2002). Catalysis Letters, 78(1/4), 383-387. doi:10.1023/a:1014973005107Mestl, G. (2002). In situ Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of MoVW mixed oxide catalysts. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33(5), 333-347. doi:10.1002/jrs.843Dieterle, M., & Mestl, G. (2002). Raman spectroscopy of molybdenum oxides. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 4(5), 822-826. doi:10.1039/b107046kKnoezinger, H., & Jeziorowski, H. (1978). Raman spectra of molybdenum oxide supported on the surface of aluminas. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 82(18), 2002-2005. doi:10.1021/j100507a011SOLSONA, B., VAZQUEZ, M., IVARS, F., DEJOZ, A., CONCEPCION, P., & LOPEZNIETO, J. (2007). Selective oxidation of propane and ethane on diluted Mo–V–Nb–Te mixed-oxide catalysts. 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Hydrogeological parameters assessment by tidal influence analysis in the coastal aquifers of Bajo Guadalhorce (Malaga province, southern Spain)

By the use of continuous data recording on two points of the Bajo Guadalhorce coastal sector (Malaga province, southern Spain), located at 626 m and 985 m inland, it has been possible to verify a clear influence of tidal oscillations on the water table of the unconfined and the confined aquifers. Various methods to estimate aquifer transmissivity have been applied. The results depends on the method and, more important, on the storage coefficient (S) values. After the calculations it is possible to confirm that the time lag and tidal efficiency factor methods give coherent results with previous data, although with the time lag method the transmissivity values are an order of magnitude higherEl registro continuo de las variaciones piezométricas en dos puntos del sector costero del Bajo Guadalhorce (Málaga), ubicados a 626 m y 985 m de la línea de costa, ha permitido constatar la influencia de las oscilaciones mareales en los niveles piezométricos de los acuíferos libre y confinado. Se han podido aplicar varias metodologías para estimar la transmisividad de ambos. Los resultados dependen del método utilizado y, en mayor medida, de los valores de coeficiente de almacenamiento (S). Tras los cálculos se puede afirmar que las metodologías de retraso de mareas y eficiencia de mareas presentan resultados coherentes con los datos previos, aunque con el método de retraso de mareas se obtienen valores de transmisividad de hasta un orden de magnitud mayore

Características hidroquímicas de humedales salinos andaluces situados en distintos contextos hidrogeológicos

Póster. Comunicación científicaBuena parte de los humedales se encuentran relacionados con acuíferos de su entorno, hasta el punto de que su génesis y funcionamiento hídrico depende, en gran medida, de las aguas subterráneas (Linares, 2008). Por consiguiente, la calidad química de las aguas de los acuíferos determina de forma notable la de los humedales. No obstante, otros procesos hidrológicos, como la recarga superficial y la evaporación, juegan también un papel significativo en la hidroquímica de las lagunas (Custodio, 2001). Por ello, los aspectos hidrológico-hidrogeológicos son imprescindibles para entender el funcionamiento hídrico de los humedales y fundamentar en ellos otro tipo de estudios (ecológicos, botánicos, zoológicos). Con el fin de mejorar el conocimiento existente sobre de la influencia que ejercen los contextos geológico e hidrológico de los humedales sobre la composición química de sus aguas, se han seleccionado 20 lagunas andaluzas, repartidas entre las provincias de Málaga, Córdoba y Jaén, para su caracterización hidroquímica. Dichos humedales están asociadas a dos contextos geológicos distintos: los materiales arcilloso-evaporíticos pertenecientes a los Complejos Caóticos Subbéticos –CCS- (12 humedales) y los sedimentos detríticos aluviales que conforman el Paraje Natural de la Desembocadura del Río Guadalhorce, Málaga (8 humedales). Se han recogido y analizado en total 231 muestras, provenientes de las distintas laguanas, entre septiembre de 2014 y septiembre de 2016. Los análisis realizados incluyen la determinación de la alcalinidad total (HCO3- + CO32-) y de la concentración de iones mayoritarios (Cl-, SO42-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3-) y algunos minoritarios (Br-, K+, NH4+ y Li+). Los resultados obtenidos indican que las facies hidroquímicas predominantes en las aguas de los humedales de interior son las de tipo clorurada-sódica, sulfatada-cálcica y, en algunos casos, mixtas. Ello es debido a la presencia de minerales muy solubles (yeso y halita) en los materiales arcilloso-evaporíticos sobre los que se ubican los humedales, que favorecen la incorporación de Cl-, SO42-, Na+ y Ca2+ a las aguas subterráneas. Por su parte, los humedales costeros presentan aguas de facies clorurada-sódica exclusivamente, así como una mayor proporción de Mg2+ frente a Ca2+, debido a la influencia del Mar Mediterráneo en el acuífero aluvial que los alimenta. Las muestras de agua de las lagunas asociadas a los CCS presentan valores de la relación rCl-/Br- comprendidos entre 250 y 10.400, los cuales aumentan, de forma general, paralelamente a la mineralización. Esto podría atribuirse al aporte de Cl- producido por la disolución de halita (Kloppmann et al., 2001). Así mismo, algunas de estas muestras de agua presentan un enriquecimiento en Br- respecto a la línea teórica de disolución de la halita, debido a la precipitación de NaCl por evaporación (Alcalá y Custodio, 2008). Los valores de rCl-/Br- de las muestras de las lagunas costeras se sitúan entre 600 y 750, muy próximos al valor medio del agua de mar (655; Davis et al., 1998), lo que reflejaría la influencia marina sobre la composición química de las aguas de dichos humedales. Además, el conjunto de lagunas estudiadas ofrece un amplio rango de mineralización (hidrodiversidad), con aguas que contienen desde varias decenas de mg/l de Cl- (dulces) hasta otras que tienen decenas o cientos de miles de mg/l de Cl- (hipersalinas). En este trabajo se pone de manifiesto la notable influencia que ejerce el contexto geológico (geodiversidad) sobre la hidroquímica (hidrodiversidad) de los humedales andaluces, muchos de ellos de gran valor ambiental y que, a su vez, dan lugar a una importante variedad de hábitats. Ello les permite albergar una gran diversidad biológica, entre las que se incluyen especies de avifauna tan emblemáticas como el flamenco rosa (Phoenicopterus roseus), la malvasía cabeciblanca (Oxyura leucocephala) o el águila pescadora (Pandion haliaetus).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Fractal Behaviour and Irregularity of Wetting Fronts in Heterogeneous Porous Media

The wetting front is the zone where water invades and advances into an initially dry porous material and it plays a crucial role in solute transport through the unsaturated zone. Water is an essential part of the physiological process of all plants. Through water, necessary minerals are moved from the roots to the parts of the plants that require them. Water moves chemicals from one part of the plant to another. It is also required for photosynthesis, for metabolism and for transpiration. The leaching of chemicals by wetting fronts is influenced by two major factors, namely: the irregularity of the fronts and heterogeneity in the distribution of chemicals, both of which have been described by using fractal techniques. Soil structure can significantly modify infiltration rates and flow pathways in soils. Relations between features of soil structure and features of infiltration could be elucidated from the velocities and the structure of wetting fronts. When rainwater falls onto soil, it doesn?t just pool on surfaces. Water ?or another fluid- acts differently on porous surfaces. If the surface is permeable (porous) it seeps down through layers of soil, filling that layer to capacity. Once that layer is filled, it moves down into the next layer. In sandy soil, water moves quickly, while it moves much slower through clay soil. The movement of water through soil layers is called the the wetting front. Our research concerns the motion of a liquid into an initially dry porous medium. Our work presents a theoretical framework for studying the physical interplay between a stationary wetting front of fractal dimension D with different porous materials. The aim was to model the mass geometry interplay by using the fractal dimension D of a stationary wetting front. The plane corresponding to the image is divided in several squares (the minimum correspond to the pixel size) of size length ". We acknowledge the help of Prof. M. García Velarde and the facilities offered by the Pluri-Disciplinary Institute of the Complutense University of Madrid. We also acknowledge the help of European Community under project Multi-scale complex fluid flows and interfacial phenomena (PITN-GA-2008-214919). Thanks are also due to ERCOFTAC (PELNoT, SIG 14

Time Evolution of the Fractal Dimension in Turbulent Plumes

Turbulent mixing is a very important issue in the study of geophysical phenomena because most fluxes arising in geophysics fluids are turbulent. We study turbulent mixing due to convection using a laboratory experimental model with two miscible fluids of different density with an initial top heavy density distribution. The fluids that form the initial unstable stratification are miscible and the turbulence will produce molecular mixing. The denser fluid comes into the lighter fluid layer and it generates several forced plumes which are gravitationally unstable. As the turbulent plumes develop, the denser fluid comes into contact with the lighter fluid layer and the mixing process grows. Their development is caused by the lateral interaction between these plumes at the complex fractal surface between the dense and light fluid

Hydrodynamic and hydrochemical evolution of the Bajo Guadalhorce Valley alluvial aquifer (Málaga, S Spain) in the last 40 years

Groundwater flowing through coastal aquifers is increasingly impacted by human pressures as consequence of a growing demand on drinking water, tourism and agriculture, among others. Thus, groundwater availability very often depend on its quality since water salinization and pollution are the main challenges for water management because of seawater and freshwater interaction. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the availability of groundwater and its quality under changing scenarios where this water resource can be specially threatened. This study aims to assess the spatial distribution and time evolution of groundwater levels and hydrochemistry of the alluvial aquifer of the Bajo Guadalhorce Valley (Málaga, S Spain) for the evaluation of its quantitative and qualitative status. To that, groundwater level, electrical conductivity and Cl- and SO42- concentrations of water have been measured in a field sampling campaign carried out in the alluvial aquifer of the Bajo Guadalhorce Valley (Málaga, S Spain) in April 2017. Additionally, historical data from the last 40 years have been compiled.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

On the automatic design of multi‑objective particle swarm optimizers: experimentation and analysis.

Research in multi-objective particle swarm optimizers (MOPSOs) progresses by proposing one new MOPSO at a time. In spite of the commonalities among different MOPSOs, it is often unclear which algorithmic components are crucial for explaining the performance of a particular MOPSO design. Moreover, it is expected that different designs may perform best on different problem families and identifying a best overall MOPSO is a challenging task. We tackle this challenge here by: (1) proposing AutoMOPSO, a flexible algorithmic template for designing MOPSOs with a design space that can instantiate thousands of potential MOPSOs; and (2) searching for good-performing MOPSO designs given a family of training problems by means of an automatic configuration tool (irace). We apply this automatic design methodology to generate a MOPSO that significantly outperforms two state-of-the-art MOPSOs on four well-known bi-objective problem families. We also identify the key design choices and parameters of the winning MOPSO by means of ablation. FAutoMOPSO is publicly available as part of the jMetal framework.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

AMISEC: Leveraging Redundancy and Adaptability to Secure AmI Applications

Security in Ambient Intelligence (AmI) poses too many challenges due to the inherently insecure nature of wireless sensor nodes. However, there are two characteristics of these environments that can be used effectively to prevent, detect, and confine attacks: redundancy and continuous adaptation. In this article we propose a global strategy and a system architecture to cope with security issues in AmI applications at different levels. Unlike in previous approaches, we assume an individual wireless node is vulnerable. We present an agent-based architecture with supporting services that is proven to be adequate to detect and confine common attacks. Decisions at different levels are supported by a trust-based framework with good and bad reputation feedback while maintaining resistance to bad-mouthing attacks. We also propose a set of services that can be used to handle identification, authentication, and authorization in intelligent ambients. The resulting approach takes into account practical issues, such as resource limitation, bandwidth optimization, and scalability