La benevolencia. Genealogía de una virtud política ilustrada.

Recensión de:Salguero, Manuel (2011): La benevolencia. Genealogía de una virtud política ilustrada. Granada: Editorial Universidad de Granada. ISBN: 978-84-338-5316-5

Análisis del proceso inmediato para flagrante delito de violación sexual en menores de edad en el Nuevo Código Procesal Penal

La Tesis tuvo como objetivo general, determinar si, se debería incluir, en el proceso inmediato el supuesto de flagrante delito de violación sexual en menores de edad. La investigación se centró, sobre la aplicación de un proceso inmediato en flagrancia de violación sexual en menores de edad. La metodología, aplicada fue enfoque cualitativo, tipo de estudio básico, diseño la teoría fundamentada, nivel de estudio descriptivo; asimismo las técnicas aplicadas para el recojo de datos fueron, la técnica de la entrevista, análisis documental, con sus respectivos instrumentos. El estudio concluyó, que efectivamente se debe incluir, en el proceso inmediato el supuesto de flagrante delito de violación sexual en menores de edad, porque, se lograría una justicia célere en favor de las víctimas, puesto que el proceso común es muy tedioso y extenuante para las menores víctimas que sufren la agresión sexual. Asimismo, el proceso inmediato, es el proceso más idóneo para crímenes que tengan relación directa a casos de flagrantes violaciones sexuales en contra de los menores de edad, lográndose condenas en tiempo célere

The incidence of HIV-2 infection in Spain is declining – a registry data analysis

HIV-2; Migration; Sexual transmissionVIH-2; Migració; Transmissió sexualVIH-2; Migración; Transmisión sexualObjectives HIV-2 infection is a neglected disease caused by a human retrovirus that causes AIDS more slowly than HIV-1. Infection with HIV-2 is endemic in West Africa. Given its differential features, guidelines recommend ruling out HIV-2 infection in all newly diagnosed HIV-seropositive individuals. Methods A national registry of HIV-2 cases was created in Spain in 1989, following the first report of three HIV-2+ individuals in Barcelona. The main demographics, clinical, and virological data are reported up to December 2023. Results A total of 424 individuals with HIV-2 infection were recorded in the Spanish registry. After a peak in 2009 when 31 cases were reported, new HIV-2 diagnoses steadily decreased. Less than 10 cases/year have been notified since the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, only eight cases were reported. Mean age at HIV-2 diagnosis was 44 years old, ranging from birth to 83 years. A total of 265 (62.5%) were male. Migrants predominated, being 322 (76%) Sub-Saharan Africans; however, 60 (14.2%) were native Spaniards. Heterosexual exposure was the most likely route of infection in at least 287 (67.7%) cases. A few cases could be traced to transfusions (n = 4), vertical infection (n = 2), or injection drug use (n = 7). In addition, 15 individuals (3.5%) were men who had sex with men. Coinfection with HIV-1 was recognized in 39 (9.2%) individuals. Molecular characterization of HIV-2 subtypes was performed in 139 individuals, 121 being infected with subtype A and 18 with subtype B. Conclusion The annual incidence of HIV-2 infection in Spain has decreased after peaking 15 years ago, being the current number of cases below 10 per year. Three-quarters are African migrants, and two-thirds are male. Circulation of HIV-2 in Spain is limited and steadily decreasing.This work was funded in part by grant UNIR-itei 005/23, and a grant from the second call for Gilead Sciences Scholarships for Projects on Diagnosis and Referral of Patients with HIV to the National Health System (ref. GLD19-0112)

Microglial and neurogenic alterations in hypothalamus due to acute stress

This study was supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación from Spain (PSI2017-83408-P to Pedraza C.), and Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte from Spain (FPU16/05308 to Nieto-Quero A).Microglial cells are an important glial population known to be involved in several biological processes such as stress response. These cells engage an activated state following a stress insult that may lead to nervous tissue damage, including new cell generation impairment. This has been widely studied in regions with notable neurogenesis such as de hippocampus, however, the effect in other regions with fewer yet relevant neurogenesis remains partially unknown. One of them is the hypothalamus, a key vegetative control center playing an important role in stress response. Moreover, most of the stress models studied concern neuroinflammatory and neurogenic changes due to a chronic stressor but not a single stress event. Given the repercussion of these processes alone, it would be interesting to elucidate the relationship between microglial response, hypothalamic neurogenesis, and acute stress. This project focuses on studying acute stressed C57BL/6J mice, both at the histological and molecular level. An intense stressor combining water immersion and movement restriction was performed. Using immunohistochemical and molecular analysis with Luminex, we could analyze microglial distribution and morphology, neurogenesis, and inflammatory environment in the hypothalamic parenchyma (paraventromedial, ventromedial and arcuate nucleus).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Effects on the hippocampal microglia after acute treatment of a psychological stressor associated with depressive-like behaviours

Funding: This study was supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación from Spain (PSI2017-83408-P to C. Pedraza), and Ministerio de Universidades from Spain (FPU16/05308 to A. Nieto-Quero and FPU19/03629 to M.I. Infantes-López).Stressful life events may have a negative impact on mental health compromising people's well-being, so knowing the neurobiological changes that occur after psychosocial stressors can have an impact on overall health. However, the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the negative effects are not known in detail, and the initial changes that take place after the initiation of a stress protocol are much less well understood. Hippocampus constitutes a target structure of the adverse effects of stress. Among the possible mechanisms involved, the response of microglia to stress is receiving increasing interest. For this reason, after 1 and 24 hours of submitted C57BL/6J mice to acute and intense stress procedure denominated WIRS (water immersion restraint stress), the microglial response were analysed using a set of morphofunctional parameters. Then, the levels of the cytokines: IL-6, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha cytokine were measured. Furthermore, a complementary proteomic analysis based on the principle of mass spectrometry was carried out. Results reveal that acute stress increased the number of microglia and induced microglial morphofunctional changes. Regarding cytokines, acute stress only increased IL-6 levels, which remained elevated at 24 h. Proteomic analysis, over time (in 24 h post-stress), showed an increase in proteins associated with the intracellular calcium metabolism. These findings suggest a neuroinflammatory response after acute stress observed at one hour after the application of the WIRS protocol and maintained at least 24 hours after the end of the stressor.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Social defeat stress induces microglial alterations and impaired cell survival in the hypothalamus according to behavioral phenotype

Stress is the main environmental cause for depression, known to cause brain immune alterations. As major brain immune cells, microglia undergo transcriptional and, consequently, morphological changes that result in tissue damage, including new cell generation impairment. Even so, few brain regions have been thoroughly studied, excluding key regulators as the hypothalamus, in which this process remains partially unknown. Moreover, there is a poor understanding in physiology related to behavioral outcome. Therefore, it would be interesting to study the relationship between microglia and cell proliferation in stressed mice while controlling for behavior. Here, we used the social defeat stress (SDS) paradigm as a depression-inducing protocol in 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice for 10 consecutive days. Intruder mice behavior was analyzed to assess depression using behavioral tests and K-means clustering. By immunohistochemical and imaging procedures, microglial morphology, and distribution, as well as cell survival, were analyzed in the hypothalamic paraventricular, ventromedial and arcuate nucleus. Finally, statistical mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship among variables. Results show mice response to SDS was different, being half the mice resilient and half sensitive to depressive-like symptoms. Microglial morphological activation was enhanced in the ventromedial and arcuate nucleus, especially in stress sensitive animals. Similar results were observed in cell survival, which was particularly affected in sensitive mice. Strikingly, these cell survival changes were statistically mediated by microglial activation. As a conclusion, hypothalamic regions were found to respond differently to stress, accordingly to behavioral outcome, in terms of microglial activation and subsequent decrease in cell survival.This study was supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación from Spain (PSI2017-83408-P to Pedraza C.), FEDER/Junta de Andalucía from Spain (UMA20-FEDERJA-112 to Pedraza C. and Pérez- Martín M), and Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte from Spain (FPU19/03629 to Infantes-López MI and FPU16/05308 to Nieto-Quero A). Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Effects of chronic stress on hippocampal microglia and neurogenesis of mice under social defeat stress.

Introduction: Chronic stress is the main environmental factor in the aetiology of depression and it is known that this type of stress may cause alterations in brain regions such as the hippocampus. Nevertheless, changes in a cellular basis are still a subject of study. Objective: The analysis of microglial cells and immature neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of stressed mice. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were subjected to Social Defeat Stress model (SDS), consisting of 6 days of social isolation prior to 10 days of stressor. The DG was analysed using immunohistochemistry techniques against Iba1 (microglia) and DCX (immature neurons) following image analysis (ImageJ) to obtain morphological and distribution data of microglial somas. Furthermore, hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed through stereological quantification of DCX+ cells (Visiopharm). Results: An increase in soma size under chronic stress conditions was shown, as well as a less circular and more ameboid soma. These changes were observed mainly in the infrapyramidal blade of the DG. According to microglial cells distribution parameters, the granular cell layer (GCL) was the region which presented the highest microglial density under SDS. Regarding hippocampal neurogenesis, a decrease in the number of DCX+ Type 2-3 cells was observed in the whole DG. Conclusion: All these results o!er a more profound insight of stress changes at a cellular level and could contribute to a better understanding of neurobiological basis in pathologies such as depression. Projects: PSI2017-83408-P (MINECO) and P20 00460 (Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía).University of Málaga and the projects PID2020-117464RB-I00 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain) to Pedraza C. and Pérez-Martin M., PSI2017-83408-P (FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) to Pedraza C., UMA20- FEDERJA-112 (FEDER/Junta de Andalucía) to Pedraza C. and Pérez-Martin M. and P20-00460 (Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía) to Pedraza C. Predoctoral Fellowship: FPU16/05308 to Nieto-Quero A. and FPU19/03629 to Infantes-López MI., Ayuda A.2 para Contrato Predoctoral Del I Plan Propio de Investigación, Transferencia y Divulgación Científica de la Universidad de Málaga, Convocatoria 2021 to Munoz-Martin J. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Do changes in microglial status underlie neurogenesis impairments and depressive-like behaviours induced by psychological stress? A systematic review in animal models

Stress may have a negative effect on mental health and is the primary environmental risk factor in the aetiology of depression. Nevertheless, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this mood disorder remain poorly characterized. The hippocampus is a target structure of the adverse effects of stress, and hippocampal neuro- genesis plays a crucial role. However, we do not know the mechanisms by which stress impacts neurogenesis. Recent studies indicate that changes in neuroinflammation, primarily via microglial cells, may play an essential role in this process. However, the relationship between stress, microglial changes, and alterations in neurogenesis and their involvement in the development of depression is poorly characterized. For this reason, this systematic review aims to synthesise and evaluate current studies that have investigated the relationship between these variables. Taken together, the revised data, although not entirely conclusive, seem to suggest that microglial changes induced by psychological stress regulate neurogenesis and in turn may be responsible for the devel- opment of depressive-like behaviours, but other factors that influence these stressful experiences should not be dismissed.We would like to thank the University of Malaga/CBUA for the contribution to the payment of the open access charge. This study was supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion ´ y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigacion ´ (PSI 2017-83408-P) to C.P. and Ministerio de Universidades (FPU16/05308 to AN-Q). PC-P has been funded by the research project PSI 2017-83408- P as technician (CI-19-082)

Social avoidance and altered stress axis in a mouse model of anxious depression

Prevalence of stress-related disorders, such as depression, is raising in modern societies. Indeed, current neurobiological research aims to elucidate the link between deregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis among vulnerable individuals and the onset of depressive symptoms, such as social withdrawal. Herein, we seek to determine the role of LPA1 receptor in social behaviour and the performance of maLPA1-null mice, a model of anxious depression, in the dexamethasone (DEX) suppression test. For that purpose, we used the three-chamber test for social preference. Also, we administered vehicle or DEX 0.1mg/kg to wild-type (WT) mice and maLPA1-null mice, analysed corticosterone (CORT) response by ELISA method and determine glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) in the hippocampus by Western-Blot analysis. We found that maLPA1-null mice lack preference for the social chamber as compared to WT animals. Additionally, mice lacking the LPA1 receptor did not suppress CORT after DEX treatment and increased significantly hippocampal SGK1 expression despite unaltered GR protein levels. These results provide further insight on the role of LPA1 receptors in depressive-like behavior and the pathological intracellular signals involved in stress regulation.Andalusian Regional Ministries of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment (SEJ1863 to CP and CTS-643 to GE-T) and of Health (Nicolas Monardes Programme to GE-T). Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PSI2013-44901-P to LJS and CP; and co-financed with Funds of the European Commission “FEDER” PSI2017-83408-P to CP). Author AN-Q and RDM-F hold Grants of the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (FPU 16/05308; FPU14/01610, respectively). Author FJG-S held a Grant of the First Research and Transfer Plan of the University of Malaga. University of Malaga, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech, and I Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia of the University of Malaga

Estado del arte del proyecto

El objetivo del trabajo es identificar las líneas de investigación utilizadas en las principales revistas especializadas en contabilidad. Para esto se ubicarán las revistas de la base de datos Scopus que tengan la palabra "Contabilidad" o "Accounting" en su título y se revisarán los resúmenes y marcos teóricos de la muestra de artículos definida. Con los resultados se espera reconstruir el escenario en el que se desarrollan los principales trabajos en contabilidad, sus tendencias y principales corrientes teóricas, lo cual, servirá de lineamiento para orientar y justificar el trabajo de investigación al interior del Programa de Contaduría Pública de la Universidad de la Costa. Se entregará un libro que, considerando otros aspectos como el normativo institucional y del contexto social, condense el estado del arte y explicite las líneas de trabajo disciplinar. Como marco teórico se utilizarán las principales corrientes utilizadas en el paradigma de la utilidad de la información, tales como: Teoría de la Agencia (Berle & Means, 1932); (Coase, 1937); (Jensen & Meckling, 1976), del Costo del Propietario (Verrechia, 1983); (Fishman & Hagerty, 1989); (Darrought & Stoughton, 1990), entre otras. Se utilizará la metodología de revisión documental y análisis de contenidos, con apoyo en las tablas y perchas de análisis, se harán emerger categorías durante la revisión para luego ir cerrándolas a través de sus aspectos comunes en categorías más generales que permitan definir patrones en la información