Laryngo-tracheo-oesophageal clefts

A laryngo-tracheo-esophageal cleft (LC) is a congenital malformation characterized by an abnormal, posterior, sagittal communication between the larynx and the pharynx, possibly extending downward between the trachea and the esophagus. The estimated annual incidence of LC is 1/10,000 to 1/20,000 live births, accounting for 0.2% to 1.5% of congenital malformations of the larynx. These incidence rates may however be underestimated due to difficulty in diagnosing minor forms and a high mortality rate in severe forms. A slightly higher incidence has been reported in boys than in girls. No specific geographic distribution has been found. Depending on the severity of the malformation, patients may present with stridor, hoarse cry, swallowing difficulties, aspirations, cough, dyspnea and cyanosis through to early respiratory distress. Five types of laryngo-tracheo-esophageal cleft have been described based on the downward extension of the cleft, which typically correlates with the severity of symptoms: Type 0 laryngo-tracheo-esophageal cleft to Type 4 laryngo-tracheo-esophageal cleft. LC is often associated with other congenital abnormalities/anomalies (16% to 68%), mainly involving the gastro-intestinal tract, which include laryngomalacia, tracheo-bronchial dyskinesia, tracheo-bronchomalacia (mostly in types 3 and 4), and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). The syndromes most frequently associated with an LC are Opitz/BBB syndrome, Pallister Hall syndrome, VACTERL/VATER association, and CHARGE syndrome. Laryngeal clefts result from failure of fusion of the posterior cricoid lamina and abnormal development of the tracheo-esophageal septum. The causes of the embryological developmental anomalies leading to LC are not known but are thought to be multifactorial. LC appears to be mostly sporadic although some familial cases with suspected autosomal dominant transmission have been reported. The age of diagnosis depends mainly on the severity of the clinical symptoms and therefore on the extent of the LC. Diagnosis is made either based on clinical manifestations or on investigations, such as endoscopy, X-ray, CT scan, performed for other conditions. Differential diagnoses include tracheo-bronchial fistula, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and neurological swallowing disorders, as well as laryngomalacia and laryngeal palsy. Prenatal diagnosis of LC has never been reported, although associated anomalies may be detected on fetal ultrasonography. Once the cleft is diagnosed, it is essential to determine its length to orient the management and treatment approach. Management involves maintenance of satisfactory ventilation, prevention of secondary pulmonary complications as a result of repeated aspirations, and adequate feeding. Endotracheal intubation may be required for respiratory distress in severe cases. Treatment requires endoscopic or external surgery to close the cleft. Surgery should be performed as early as possible to avoid complications related to aspiration and gastric reflux, except in type 0 and type 1 cases in which conservative measures must first be attempted. The prognosis is variable depending on the severity of the LC and associated malformations. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment and management help to reduce mortality and morbidity

Very Low Phytoplankton Diversity in a Tropical Saline-Alkaline Lake, with Co-dominance of Arthrospira fusiformis (Cyanobacteria) and Picocystis salinarum (Chlorophyta)

International audienceLake Dziani Dzaha (Mayotte Island, Indian Ocean) is a tropical thalassohaline lake which geochemical and biological conditions make it a unique aquatic ecosystem considered as a modern analogue of Precambrian environments. In the present study, we focused on the diversity of phytoplanktonic communities, which produce very high and stable biomass (mean 2014-2015 = 652 ± 179 μg chlorophyll a L −1). As predicted by classical community ecology paradigms, and as observed in similar environments, a single species is expected to dominate the phytoplanktonic communities. To test this hypothesis, we sampled water column in the deepest part of the lake (18 m) during rainy and dry seasons for two consecutive years. Phytoplanktonic communities were characterized using a combination of metagenomic, microscopy-based and flow cytometry approaches, and we used statistical modeling to identify the environmental factors determining the abundance of dominant organisms. As hypothesized, the overall diversity of the phytoplanktonic communities was very low (15 OTUs), but we observed a co-dominance of two, and not only one, OTUs, viz., Arthrospira fusiformis (Cyanobacteria) and Picocystis salinarum (Chlorophyta). We observed a decrease in the abundance of these co-dominant taxa along the depth profile and identified the adverse environmental factors driving this decline. The functional traits measured on isolated strains of these two taxa (i.e., size, pigment composition, and concentration) are then compared and discussed to explain their capacity to cope with the extreme environmental conditions encountered in the aphotic, anoxic, and sulfidic layers of the water column of Lake Dziani Dzaha

Severity of Retrognathia and Glossoptosis Does Not Predict Respiratory and Feeding Disorders in Pierre Robin Sequence

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) may lead to life-threatening respiratory and feeding disorders. With the aim to analyse the association of the severities of retrognathia and glossoptosis with those of respiratory and feeding disorders, we retrospectively studied a series of 50 infants with retrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, and airway obstruction. The patients were managed from birth to at least 6 years of age by a single pediatric team at the Armand Trousseau Hospital in Paris within a 12 years period (2000–2012). Retrognathia and glossoptosis were graded in the neonatal period according to a specific clinical examination. Ventilation assistance was required for 32/50 (64%) patients, and enteral feeding for 41/50 (82%). The grades of retrognathia and glossoptosis and the severity of respiratory disorders did not differ between patients with isolated PRS and syndromic PRS. Severe respiratory disorders were more common and long-lasting feeding (>12 months) was more frequently required in patients with syndromic PRS compared with isolated PRS (42 vs. 13%, p = 0.04 and 42 vs. 4%, p < 0.01 respectively). Using univariate analysis, neurological impairments and laryngomalacia were associated with severe respiratory disorders [Odds ratio (OR) 5.0, 95% CI 1.3–19.6; and OR 14.6, 95% CI 1.3–161.4; p < 0.05] as well as with long-lasting feeding (>12 months) disorders (OR 18.6, 95% CI 3.9–89.2 and OR 20.4, 95% CI 3,4–122.8; p < 10−2). Syndromic SPR status was also associated with severe respiratory disorders (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1–32.5; p < 0.05). Using multivariate analysis, only syndromic PRS status was predictive for severe respiratory disorders (adjusted OR 8, 95% CI 1.47–44.57; p < 0.05); and only neurological impairments remained a significant risk for long lasting feeding disorders (>12 months) (adjusted OR 21.72, 95% CI 3.4–138.63; p < 10−2). The grades of retrognathia and glossoptosis were not predictive factors for the severity of respiratory and feeding disorders.Conclusion: In children with PRS, the severity of clinical conditions may not correlate with anatomic variables but rather with laryngeal abnormalities, neurological impairement and syndromic PRS status

Nez bouché et bouche ouverte : le point de vue de l’ORL

Les pathologies obstructives des voies aériennes supérieures de l’enfant sont fréquentes et très largement dominées par l’hypertrophie des amygdales et des végétations adénoïdes et, dans une moindre mesure, par celle des cornets inférieurs. Une indication d’adéno-amygdalectomie se base sur des critères cliniques, éventuellement complétés dans certains cas par une polysomnographie; cette intervention ne doit pas être réalisée systématiquement en cas d’hypertrophie amygdalienne, même en cas de ronflement simple ou si un traitement orthodontique est envisagé. L’éventuelle participation d’une l’hypertrophie turbinale ou d’une déviation septale doit également être prise en compte

Évaluation de nouvelles méthodes peu invasives d'exploration des voies aériennes supérieures de l'enfant

The management of obstructive diseases of the pediatric upper airway (UA) is currently based on the evaluation of the obstruction during an endoscopy with general anesthesia. This procedure has a significant morbidity. The difficulty of quantifying UA obstruction and its impact with simple and accurate tools emphasizes the importance of evaluating new techniques. The objective of this work was to study new methods of exploration, minimally or non- invasive, of these obstructive diseases: the acoustic reflection method (ARM) and measurement of work of breathing. The ARM is based on the analysis of the reflection of a pressure wave in the UA. The work of breathing studies the load imposed on the respiratory muscles during breathing. We demonstrated that the MRA was applicable in children over 2 years, with a standardized technique. Measurements on children with cystic fibrosis and mucopolysaccharidosis were conducted, to assess the UA resistance and its evolution during the course of the disease. In younger children, when the ARM is possible, we demonstrated in infants with a Robin sequence having an increase in the work of breathing that noninvasive ventilation was able to reduce the load imposed on respiratory muscles and to improve the clinical course. Non- or minimally invasive techniques exploring the UA in children are promising because simple, safe, and potentially complementary to other more invasive tests. Their achievement is routinely possible in many casesLa prise en charge des pathologies obstructives des voies aériennes supérieures (VAS) de l'enfant est actuellement basée sur l'évaluation de l'obstruction lors d'une endoscopie sous anesthésie générale. Cet examen a une morbidité non négligeable et les contraintes pesant sur un enfant atteint d'une pathologie obstructive des VAS sont lourdes. La difficulté de quantifier de manière simple et précise l'obstruction des VAS et son retentissement justifie l'évaluation de nouvelles techniques. L'objectif de ce travail a été d'étudier des méthodes d'explorations, non ou peu invasives, de ces pathologies obstructives : la méthode de réflexion acoustique (MRA) et la mesure du travail respiratoire. La MRA est basée sur l'analyse de la réflexion d'une onde sonore dans les VAS. Le travail respiratoire est la mesure de l'effort fourni par les muscles respiratoires au cours de la respiration. Nous avons démontré que la MRA était applicable chez l'enfant de plus de 2 ans. Des mesures sur des enfants atteints de mucoviscidose et de mucopolysaccharidose ont permis d'étudier les résistances des VAS et leur évolution au cours de la maladie. Chez l'enfant plus jeune, quand la MRA est impossible, nous avons mis en évidence chez des nourrissons atteints d'une séquence de Robin et présentant un travail respiratoire très augmenté qu'une ventilation non invasive était capable de diminuer l'effort fourni et d'améliorer l'évolution clinique Les méthodes d'explorations peu ou non invasives des VAS de l'enfant sont prometteuses car simples, sans danger, et potentiellement complémentaires d'autres examens plus invasifs. Leur réalisation en routine est envisageable dans de nombreux cas de figur

Sténose congénitale des conduits auditifs externes et canaloplastie (étude à propos de 33 cas)

PARIS6-Bibl. St Antoine CHU (751122104) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Nouvel implant à ancrage osseux à peau fermée alpha 1 (premiers résultats à 6 mois d une étude prospective dans l aplasie d oreille d un enfant)

PARIS7-Xavier Bichat (751182101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Préface de : Le canton de Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët et ses habitants dans la seconde guerre mondiale : 1939-1945

Texte adapté d'un mémoire de maîtrise d'histoire soutenu à l'Université de Caen. Préface de Boivin MichelPréface d'ouvrag

Préface de : Le canton de Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët et ses habitants dans la seconde guerre mondiale : 1939-1945

Texte adapté d'un mémoire de maîtrise d'histoire soutenu à l'Université de Caen. Préface de Boivin MichelPréface d'ouvrag

Juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: What do we know in 2024 ?

International audienceJuvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a lifelong benign squamous lesion associated with HPV infection, particularly HPV6 and HPV11 genotypes. These lesions are rare, but can lead to laryngeal obturations, which can cause disabling dyspnea, or transform into squamous cell carcinoma. The aim here is to provide an epidemiological, biological and clinical overview of this pathology, particularly in children, in order to understand the issues at stake in terms of research and the development of medical and therapeutic management tools