DNAGear: a free software for spa type identification in Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is both human commensal and an important human pathogen, responsible for community-acquired and nosocomial infections ranging from superficial wound infections to invasive infections, such as osteomyelitis, bacteremia and endocarditis, pneumonia or toxin shock syndrome with a mortality rate up to 40%. S. aureus reveals a high genetic polymorphism and detecting the genotypes is extremely useful to manage and prevent possible outbreaks and to understand the route of infection. One of current and expanded typing method is based on the X region of the spa gene composed of a succession of repeats of 21 to 27 bp. More than 10000 types are known. Extracting the repeats is impossible by hand and needs a dedicated software. Unfortunately the only software on the market is a commercial program from Ridom. Findings This article presents DNAGear, a free and open source software with a user friendly interface written all in Java on top of NetBeans Platform to perform spa typing, detecting new repeats and new spa types and synchronizing automatically the files with the open access database. The installation is easy and the application is platform independent. In fact, the SPA identification is a formal regular expression matching problem and the results are 100% exact. As the program is using Java embedded modules written over string manipulation of well established algorithms, the exactitude of the solution is perfectly established. Conclusions DNAGear is able to identify the types of the S. aureus sequences and detect both new types and repeats. Comparing to manual processing, which is time consuming and error prone, this application saves a lot of time and effort and gives very reliable results. Additionally, the users do not need to prepare the forward-reverse sequences manually, or even by using additional tools. They can simply create them in DNAGear and perform the typing task. In short, researchers who do not have commercial software will benefit a lot from this application.Peer Reviewe

Sacroiliitis secondary to catheter-related bacteremia due to Mycobacterium abscessus (sensu stricto).

International audienceWe describe a case of sacroiliitis secondary to catheter-related bacteremia due to Mycobacterium abscessus (sensu stricto). This case confirms that MultiLocus sequence typing and variable-number tandem-repeat methods are very robust techniques to identify the pathogen species and to validate molecular epidemiological links among complex M. abscessus isolates

Molecular characterization and epidemiology of Mycobacterium abscessus complex in France and Vietnam

Le complexe Mycobacterium abscessus (MABSC) fait partie des mycobactéries non tuberculeuses. C’est un pathogène opportuniste environnemental pouvant causer des infections pulmonaires chroniques, en particulier chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose, et extra-pulmonaires sévères. Il est également résistant à la plupart des antibiotiques, et ne connait pas de traitement efficace. Il se divise en trois sous-espèces : Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus, Mycobacterium subsp. massiliense et Mycobacterium subsp. bolletii, Ces trois sous espèces possèdent des différences cliniques et de résistance aux antibiotiques, une identification sûre et rapide est don essentielle. De plus, son épidémiologie reste peu connue, notamment au sein des patients atteints de mucoviscidose.Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué la performance d’identification au sein du MABSC et la caractérisation des principales résistances du kit Genotype NTM-DR. Celui-ci s’est révélé extrêmement efficace, avec une réussite de 100% d’identification de la sous-espèce mais aussi pour la caractérisation des résistances à la clarithromycine et à l’amikacine, qui sont les antibiotiques recommandés pour le traitement d’une infection à MABSC. Ce kit est donc une alternative rapide et robuste aux principales méthodes d’identification et de caractérisation de la résistance chez MABSC.Dans un second temps, nous avons testé l’efficacité de deux molécules différentes, la clofazimine et la tigecycline, en synergie. Une synergie a pu être mise en évidence sur 42 % des isolats, et la présence de clofazimine a permis d’abaisser la concentration minimale inhibitoire de la tigecycline pour 52 % des isolats. Cette association pourrait constituer une alternative thérapeutique efficace et mieux supportable pour le patient.Enfin, nous avons réalisé deux études épidémiologiques : au Vietnam, chez des patients possédant une condition pulmonaire inflammatoire, et en France, chez des patients atteints de la mucoviscidose dans cinq centres hospitaliers différents. En France, un suivi longitudinal a pu être réalisé sur 7 patients de deux centres différents.Le Vietnam présentait un grand nombre de Sequence Type (ST) nouveaux (29/38) ainsi qu’une grande diversité génotypique (0.72 pour 53 isolats). Une majorité de M. massiliense a été mis en évidence. De plus, des ST responsables d’épidémies dans différents pays ont aussi été retrouvés (ST 23 et ST 117). Trois complexes clonaux ont été identifiés, reflétant la grande diversité du complexe M. abscessus dans ce pays. Deux de ces complexes clonaux étaient constitués de M. abscessus subsp. massiliense contenaient les ST 23 et 117. Le grand nombre de nouveaux génotype est dû au manque de données au Vietnam, il s’agit là de la première étude épidémiologique dans ce pays.En France, on retrouvait un plus grand nombre de sequence type connus (20/31), certainement dû au nombre d’études existantes dans cette région. Une majorité de M. abscessus subsp. abscessus a été retrouvé. Sept sequence type d’importance épidémiologique ont été retrouvés, dont le ST 23. Le suivi longitudinal montre que : le risque d’infection exogène est grand ; le pool de génotypes à Brest est plus important qu’à Montpellier, même si les ST persistent chez un même patient, on ne peut exclure le risque d’une infection exogène. Enfin, l’analyse VNTR des isolats des cinq centres suggère une possible transmission nosocomiale ainsi que la diffusion de génotypes en France.En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis d’améliorer l’approche de l’identification et du traitement des infections du complexe M. abscessus, en plus d’explorer et de comparer son épidémiologie dans deux populations différentes. Nous montrons la présence ubiquitaire de certains génotypes d’importance cliniques, une grande diversité génotypique, une variabilité du portage chez le patient mucoviscidose ainsi qu’un risque d’infections exogènes et de transmission chez cette population.The Mycobacterium abscessus complex is a nontuberculous mycobacteria. It is an environmental opportunistic pathogen that can cause chronic lung infections, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis, and severe extra-pulmonary infections. It is also resistant to most antibiotics, and does not have an effective treatment. It is divided into three subspecies: Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus, Mycobacterium subsp. massiliense and Mycobacterium subsp. bolletii, These three subspecies have clinical and antibiotic resistance differences, Thus, a safe and rapid identification is essential. In addition, little is known about its epidemiology, particularly among patients with cystic fibrosis.First, we assessed the identification performance within the M. abscessus complex and the characterization of the main resistances of a commercial assay (Genotype NTM-DR). The kit was highly efficient, with 100% success in identifying the subspecies and also in characterizing resistance to clarithromycin and amikacin, which are the recommended antibiotics for the treatment of complex M. abscessus infection. This kit is therefore a fast and robust alternative to the main methods for identifying and characterizing resistance in the M. abscessus complex.Secondly, we tested the efficacy of two different molecules, clofazimine and tigecycline, in synergy. Synergy was demonstrated in 42% of the isolates, and the presence of clofazimine reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of tigecycline in 52% of the isolates. This combination could be an effective and more tolerable therapeutic alternative for the patient.Finally, we carried out two epidemiological studies: in Vietnam, in patients with inflammatory lung disease, and in France, in patients with cystic fibrosis in five different hospitals. In France, longitudinal follow-up was carried out on 7 patients from two different centres, Brest and Montpellier. Two different typing tools were used: MLST and VNTR.Vietnam had a large number of new Sequence Type (ST) (29/38) and a high genotypic diversity (0.72 for 53 isolates). A majority of M. abscessus subsp. massiliense was found. In addition, STs responsible for epidemics in different countries have also been found (ST 23 and ST 117). Three clonal complexes have been identified, reflecting the great diversity of the M. abscessus complex in this country. Two of these clonal complexes were composed of M. abscessus subsp. massiliense containing ST 23 and 117. The large number of new genotypes is due to the lack of data in Vietnam, this is the first epidemiological study in this country.In France, there was a greater number of known sequence type (20/31), certainly due to the number of existing studies in this region. A majority of M. abscessus subsp. abscessus was found. Seven sequence type of epidemiological importance were found, including ST 23. Longitudinal monitoring shows a high variability of the ST in Brest compared to Montpellier, which is confirmed by the VNTR. This follow-up shows that: the risk of exogenous infection is high; the genotype pool in Brest is greater than in Montpellier, even if STs persist in the same patient, the risk of exogenous infection cannot be excluded. Finally, the VNTR analysis of isolates from the five centres suggests possible nosocomial transmission and the spread of genotypes in France.In conclusion, this thesis work has improved the approach to the identification and treatment of M. abscessus complex infections, as well as exploring and comparing its epidemiology in two different populations. We show the ubiquitous presence of certain clinically important genotypes, a high genotypic diversity, a variability in carrying in the cystic fibrosis patient as well as a risk of exogenous infections and transmission in this populatio

Chitin increases Mycobacterium ulcerans growth in acidic environments

International audienceSpecies with a chitinous exoskeleton are overrepresented among the aquatic organisms carrying Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU) in nature and laboratory experiments have demonstrated the enhancing effects of chitin on the growth of MU. Field surveys identified pH as one of the key parameters delineating the distribution of MU in tropical regions. The present study investigated the relationship between chitin and pH in MU growth. By focusing on pH variations in the field, our results revealed that chitin enhanced MU growth in acidic environments. The present study provides new information on the ecological conditions favoring the development of this mycobacterium in nature

Hémoculture : prélèvement multiple ou unique ? Étude multicentrique de l'impact du mode de prélèvement sur le volume de sang ensemencé.

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Persistence of blaCMY-2-producing Proteus mirabilis in two gull colonies at a 1-year interval in Southern France

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Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Avian Isolate from France Cocarrying the bla(VIM-1) and bla(VIM-4) Genes.

International audienceWe describe here a non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae isolate producing both VIM-1 and VIM-4 carbapenemases. It was isolated from a yellow-legged gull in southern France. The blaVIM genes were part of a class 1 integron structure located in an IncA/C plasmid. This study emphasizes the presence of carbapenemase genes in wildlife microbiota

Evaluation of the SLOMYCO Sensititre® panel for testing the antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycobacterium marinum isolates

International audienceBackgroundThe agar dilution method is currently considered as the reference method for Mycobacterium marinum drug susceptibility testing (DST). As it is time-consuming, alternative methods, such as the E-test, were evaluated for M. marinum DST, but without success. The SLOMYCO Sensititre® panel, recently commercialized by TREK Diagnostic Systems (Cleveland, OH), can be used for DST in slow-growing mycobacteria and for antimicrobial agents recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for M. marinum DST. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the SLOMYCO Sensititre® panel method for DST in M. marinum isolates from human patients and fish relative to the reference agar dilution method.Methods/ResultsThe reproducibility of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination (±1 log2 dilution) was very good for both the agar dilution method and SLOMYCO Sensititre® panel (>90 % agreement). The percentage essential agreement between methods varied, depending on the drug: between 97 and 75 % for ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, linezolid, isoniazid, clarithromycin, amikacin, rifabutin and rifampin, 74 % for trimethoprim, 72 % for doxycycline, 70 % for sulfamethoxazole, 59 % for streptomycin, 33 % for ethambutol and only 2.2 % for ethionamide. When the agar dilution and SLOMYCO Sensititre® panel results were converted into interpretive criteria, the category agreement was 100 % for amikacin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, rifabutin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, 98 % for ethambutol and 96 % for rifampin and no agreement for doxycycline.ConclusionsThe SLOMYCO Sensititre® panel method could provide a potential alternative to the reference agar dilution method, when DST in M. marinum is required, except for doxycycline

Fecal Carriage of Enterobacteriaceae Producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in Hospitalized Patients and Healthy Community Volunteers in Burkina Faso

International audienceExtended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) have been described worldwide, but few reports focused on Burkina Faso. To assess the prevalence of digestive carriage of such bacteria in the community and in the hospital, 214 fecal samples, 101 from healthy volunteers and 113 from hospitalized patients without digestive pathology, were collected in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso economic capital, during July and August 2014. Stool samples were screened using ESBL agar plates. Strains were identified by mass spectrometry using the Biotyper MALDI-TOF. ESBL production was confirmed with the double-disc synergy test. Susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method on Müller-Hinton agar. The main ESBL genes were detected using multiplex PCR and bidirectional gene sequencing. Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups were identified using a PCR-based method. During the study period, prevalence of subjects with fecal ESBL-PE was 32% (69/214), 22% among healthy volunteers and 42% among inpatients. All but two ESBL, CTX-M-15 and ESBL-PE, were mostly E. coli (78%). Among the 60 ESBL-producing E. coli strains, 26% belonged to phylogenetic group D, 23.3% to group A, 20% to group B1, 6.6% to group B2, and 3.3% to the ST131 clone. Univariate analysis showed that history of hospitalization and previous antibiotic use were risk factors associated with ESBL-PE fecal carriage. In Burkina Faso, the prevalence of both healthy subjects from the community and hospitalized patients with fecal ESBL-PE is alarmingly high. This feature should be taken into consideration by both general practitioners and hospital doctors with regard to empirical treatments of infections, notably urinary tract infections