Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia (RFLP) Activity 1.5 (2011): Systems and Procedures for Participatory Monitoring of Management Measures Developed, Introduced and Implemented-catch Monitoring

Coastal fisheries are very essential for supporting the livelihoods of many rural poor in the coastal areas, particularly coastal community fisheries members. They serve as sources of food, employment and income generation for many coastal families. "Coastal Community Fisheries Catch Monitoring" Project which was conducted from April to November 2011 provides some data which indicates the importance of small-scale fisheries. The project was financially supported by the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme, Cambodian component (RFLP/CMB) and was activity 1.5 of the approved RFLP CMB 2011 activity work plan and budget. For this catch monitoring study, 26 small-scale subsistence fishers, including 05 women, from five community fisheries (CFi?s) in the RFLP CMB area of geographic coverage from the four coastal provinces of Cambodia were selected and following appropriate training collected specific catch data and recorded it in fisher's logbook on a daily basis for the purpose of getting a better understanding of catch per unit of effort (CEPU), the health of inshore fish stock and the contribution of aquatic products to small-scale fisher households along the coast of Cambodia. The key data items recorded included total catchweight, catch weight by species, total catch sale price, fish price of the main species and total lengths of some key species. The study involved designing logbooks, training the selected 26 fishers as data collectors on data collection methods, collecting data from all the selected fishers, designing a database and entering all the collected data into the database, checking for errors and analyzing the collected data for final reporting and preparing report

Using weblogging to develop schema-based English reading skills of Chinese students in Hong Kong secondary schools

This thesis investigates how far weblogging can be used to develop schema English reading skills of Chinese secondary school students in Hong Kong. The theoretical foundation of the research design is built on a sociocultural model originating in Constructivism within which communication through discussion or sharing of ideas is the preferred approach for second language learning. Constructivists’ theory integrates reading, schema, and weblogging that are the three core concepts to be examined in my research. The examination is facilitated by the methodological framework that adopts a mixed methods approach involving case study and experimental study methods. An experiment was conducted among eight sample case Chinese students of which four students formed an online community of practice on weblog so that they could experience reflective learning while using their schemata in reading English texts. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the experiment and case studies. Analysis of these data had considered individual differences of Chinese students in the process of English reading skills development. The analyzed results give evidences to address the research purposes and questions on exploring the relationship between weblogging and second language textual development, in particular schema-based English reading skills of Chinese students. Major findings of the research reveal how weblogging can facilitate schema development in reading and explain to what extent weblogging can be used as a useful means to develop schema-based reading skills in the context of second language learning

Catering to employment needs : the occupations of young Chinese adults in Britain

This study investigates the occupations of 16-30 year old British Chinese. It is intended as a contribution to the general literature on the Chinese in Britain, and to the literature on occupational choice/entry into work in which there have been no studies in Britain on this ethnic group. The aims of this research are two-fold: first, to establish the location of young Chinese adults in the British labour market; and second, to establish why they are positioned at their current level in the occupational structure. This involved the testing of the hypothesis that a bimodal distribution exists with young Chinese adults situated at the top (in the professions) and the bottom sections (in the service sector, specifically the Chinese catering industry) in the British labour market. Structural and cultural effects on the occupational attainments of these Chinese were examined through the exploration of the influences of family background, the role of education, and the impact of racism and discrimination. The method of data collection was by postal questionnaire, which was distributed using a snowballing technique within a social network. The primary data was analysed in conjunction with secondary data (Labour Force Survey). The initial hypothesis of a bimodal distribution was corroborated by the primary data. The secondary data was much less clear, although the underlying trend of the greater propensity of the Chinese to enter the professions or the catering industry (compared to white British, West Indian, and Asian young adults) was demonstrated. With regard to the three main variables explored, it was concluded: (1) that class effects were less significant than cultural effects as mediated through the family in influencing the occupational attainments of the young Chinese adults; (2) that the traditional cultural values and attitudes of the Chinese towards education were responsible for their (high) levels of educational attainment which the Chinese used to gain access into the professions; (3) but that the propensity of these Chinese to enter the professions and ancilliary positions in the wider labour market or conversely to enter the Chinese catering trade was the result of a strategy adopted by the Chinese to deal with the (real or perceived) structural constraints of racism and discrimination in the British labour market

Analysis of the Cambodian bagnet ("dai") fishery data

This report summarises general and detailed features of catches from the bagnet ("dai") fishery in Cambodia between 1995 and 1999, as monitored by the MRC/DoF/DANIDA Management of the Freshwater Capture Fisheries Project (MFCFP) in Phnom Penh.Fishery data, Cambodia,

Contribution de la production anacardière aux moyens de subsistance des ménages Balantes de Mansoa (région d’Oio, Guinée-Bissau)

L’agriculture Bissau-guinéenne est actuellement dominée par la production anacardière. Cette dernière, bien que peu étudiée, participe à l'amélioration du cadre de vie et de l’économie locale. Dans le but de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des impacts du système de production anacardière sur les ménages, l’étude a porté sur 77 ménages répartis dans trois villages Balantes. Sur la base d’enquêtes agro-socioéconomiques, l’étude montre que l’héritage (73,2%) est le mode d’accès aux terres gérées que par des hommes. Le semis direct (77%) et les plants produits en pépinière (33%) constituent les modes de plantation des anacardiers. Les sous-produits de l’anacardier jouent un rôle alimentaire et commercial pour les ménages. Les noix brutes sont destinées à la vente (100%) et celles grillées sont utilisées dans l’alimentation familiale (100%). Le jus de cajou est exclusivement réservé à la consommation familiale alors que le vin est réservé pour une grande part à la vente (52,65%). Le bois mort est utilisé comme combustible (52,3%) et/ou pour la carbonisation destinée à la vente (47,7%). D’au final, les revenus tirés du cajou destinés principalement à l’achat du riz (15,75%), du matériel agricole (14,7%) et au paiement de main d’oeuvre rizicole (14,6%) sont en moyenne estimés à 286 770 FCFA/ménage/an. Les revenus engendrés par la culture de l’anacarde permettent aux producteurs de subvenir à leurs besoins, d’améliorer leurs conditions et cadre de vie.Mots clés : Agriculture, plantation, Cajou, impacts. English Title: Contribution of cashew nut production to the livelihoods of Balante households in Mansoa (Oío region, Guinea-Bissau) Agriculture in Guinea-Bissau is currently dominated by cashew nut production. The latter, although little studied, contributes to the improvement of the living environment and the local economy. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of this production system, the study covered 77 households in three Balante's villages. On the basis of agro-socio-economic surveys, the study shows that inheritance (73.2%) is the only mode of access to land managed by men. Direct seeding (77%) and nursery grown plants (33%) are the most common methods of planting cashew trees. Cashew by-products play a food and commercial role for households. The raw nuts are intended for sale (100%) and roasted nuts are used in family food (100%). Cashew juice is exclusively reserved at the family consumption while wine is reserved for a large part for sale (52.65%). Dead wood is used as fuel (52.3%) and/or for carbonization for sale (47.7%). In the end, the income from cashew mainly used to buy rice (15.75%), agricultural equipment (14.7%) and to pay for rice labor (14.6%) is on overage, they are estimated at 286 770 F CFA/Household/year. The income generated by cashew nut cultivation allows producers to meet their needs, improve their living conditions and environment.Keywords : Agriculture, plantation, Cashew, impacts

Diversité et Caractéristiques des Systèmes de Production Agricole Végétale dans la Commune de Ziguinchor au Sénégal

Bien que l’agriculture soit reconnue pour les services qu’elle rend aux citadins, elle peine à se développer dans les villes africaines. L’étude a été conduite dans la commune de Ziguinchor, situé au Sud du Sénégal. Elle vise à caractériser des systèmes de production végétale de  l’agriculture urbaine dans cette commune et s’est appuyé, essentiellement, sur des enquêtes, auprès de 390 agriculteurs. Quatre systèmes de production végétale exploités par des femmes (74,4%) ont été recensés. Le maraîchage est le plus représenté avec 59,7% de cas de citation. Avec 24 spéculations cultivées dans les bas-fonds ou dans les interstices urbains. Ce système de production mobilise plus de producteur en saison sèche (51,5%) qu’en hivernage. Les grandes cultures pluviales qui représentent 32,9% des cas compte 9 essences cultivées réparties dans la famille des Poaceae, des Fabaceae et des Pedaliaceae. Le riz se distingue parmi les grandes cultures pluviales par l’envergure des vallées non aedificandi (838,9 ha) qui abritent ses activités de production. L’arboriculture fruitière et la floriculture constituent les systèmes de production les moins représentés avec respectivement 6,8% et 0,7% des cas. Avec 8 espèces d’arbres fruitiers inventoriées, l’arboriculture est, essentiellement, notée dans la périphérie Sud de la commune où sont localisés plus de vergers d’anacardiers. La floriculture, comptant 13 principales espèces cultivées, est une activité qui subsiste avec seulement 5 exploitations notées dans toute la commune. Toutefois, il faut rappeler que ces divers systèmes de production végétale souffrent de l’avancée du front urbain et de l’occupation de l’espace par le bâti. Il urge, donc, que l’agriculture soit prise en compte dans les prochains plans d’aménagement urbain de Ziguinchor.   Although agriculture is recognised for the services it provides to city dwellers, it is struggling to develop in African cities. The study was conducted in the commune of Ziguinchor, located in southern Senegal. It aimed to characterise the plant production systems of urban agriculture in this commune and was based essentially on surveys of 390 farmers. Four crop production systems, mainly operated by women (74.4%), were identified. Market gardening is the most represented with 59.7% of cases cited. With 24 crops cultivated in the lowlands or in the urban interstices, this production system mobilises more producers in the dry season (51.5%) than in the winter season. Rainfed field crops, which account for 32.9% of cases, include 9 species cultivated in the Poaceae, Fabaceae and Pedaliaceae families. Rice stands out among the major crops due to the scale of the not aedificandi valleys (838.9 ha) in which it is produced. Fruit growing and flower growing are the least represented production systems, with 6.8% and 0.7% of cases respectively. With 8 species of fruit trees inventoried, arboriculture is essentially noted in the southern periphery of the district where more cashew orchards are located. Floriculture, with 13 main species produced, is an activity wich survives with only 5 farms noted in the district. However, it should be remembered that these various plant production systems are suffering from urbanisation and the occupation of space by buildings. It is therefore urgent that agriculture be taken into account in the next urban development plans for Ziguinchor

Aptitudes des Principaux Porte-Greffages de Mangifera indica à Supporter les Variétés Primeurs comme Kent, Papaye et Ateudj en Casamance

La valeur de la production de mangue au Sénégal est estimée à près de 4 milliards de FCA. Toutefois, comme les autres filières fruits et légumes, la performance de celle de la mangue reste toujours en deçà des ententes. Afin de relever ce défi, cette étude porte sur le greffage des variétés locales pour améliorer leur productivité. Ce travail réalisé dans le centre d’application du département d’agroforesterie concerne le test de greffage de trois variétés de Mangifera indica précoces (Papaye, Ateudj et Kent) avec quatre porte-greffes (Papaye, Sierre Léone, Diourou et Kouloubadaséky). Ce travail a contribué à l’identification des meilleurs porte-greffes pour les variétés Papaye, Kent et Ateudj. Il est ressorti de cette expérience que la variété Kouloubadaséky donne un meilleur taux de réussite (93,33% ±11,55) avec la variété Ateudj. La variété Diourou donne le plus grand taux de réussite (90% ±10). La variété Papaye a donné le meilleur taux de réussite (100%) avec elle-même. Les performances des variétés Kouloubadaséky, Diourou et Papaye sont révélées pour les greffons des variétés Ateudj, Kent et de Papaye. En effet les greffons ont donné des taux de survie élevés 80,88% pour Ateudj et 79,10% pour Kent 76,19% pour Papaye. En termes de croissance le porte greffe Sierra Léone donne les meilleurs taux de croissance (greffon Ateudj (67,26% ±4,77) et greffon Kent (52,95% ±11,44)). Par contre le greffon Papaye croit plus s’il est supporté le porte-greffe Diourou avec un taux de croissance (71,71% ±8,25).   The value of mango production in Senegal is estimated at nearly 4 billion CFA francs. However, like the other fruit and vegetable sectors, the performance of the mango sector still falls short of the agreements. In order to meet this challenge, this study focuses on the grafting of local varieties to improve their productivity. This work carried out in the application center of the agroforestry department concerns the grafting test of two early varieties of Mangifera indica (Papaya and Ateudj) with four rootstocks (Papaya, Sierre Léone, Diourou and Kouloubadaséky). This work contributed to the identification of the best rootstocks for the early varieties Papaya, Kent and Ateudj. It emerged from this experiment that the Kouloubadaséky variety gives a better success rate (93.33% ±11.55) with the Ateudj variety. The Diourou variety gives the highest success rate (90% ±10). The Papaya variety gave the best success rate (100%) with itself. The performance of the Kouloubadaséky, Diourou and Papaya varieties is revealed for the grafts of the Ateudj, Kent and Papaya varieties. Indeed, the grafts gave high survival rates: 80.88% for Ateudj and 79.10% for Kent, 76.19% for Papaye. In terms of growth, the Sierra Leone rootstock gives the best growth rates (Ateudj graft (67.26% ±4.77) and Kent graft (52.95% ±11.44)). On the other hand, the Papaya scion grows more if it is supported by the Diourou rootstock with a growth rate (71.71% ±8.25)

Diagnostic Agronomique de la Riziculture Périurbaine dans la Commune de Ziguinchor au Sénégal

Le système d’exploitation rizicole périurbain est un axe stratégique de lutte contre la vulnérabilité alimentaire à Ziguinchor. Ignoré par les décideurs, il souffre de l'urbanisation et des modifications physicochimiques des sols des rizières. Cette étude vise à promouvoir l’intégration de la riziculture dans le système urbain. Elle a nécessité la réalisation d’un diagnostic agronomique sur la base d’un échantillon de 180 carrés de rendement de ¼ m de côté installés dans 4 vallées périurbaines. Le rendement en paddy est déterminé par le produit de la densité moyenne des grains de paddy par m² et le poids moyen d’un grain. Il résulte de cette étude que ce système d'exploitation rizicole, pratiqué dans les bas-fonds, est de type pluvial. Cinq variétés traditionnelles de riz ("Coulcoulba", "Diamicé, "Etoukhale" , "Yagholale" et "Abdou Diouf") ainsi que quatre autres homologuées (ITA 123, War 1, DJ684D et Ikong Pao) sont cultivées dans la ville. Les rendements, évalués en moyenne à 4,79 ± 0,35 t.ha-1, contribuent à la sécurité alimentaire des ménages qui pratiquent la riziculture. Parmi les vallées, celle de Cobitène-Colobane qui produit 5,07 t/ha présente le meilleur rendement. Au regard des variétés, la "Coulcoulba" qui atteint 5,65 t/ha présente les rendements les plus élevés. Cependant, l’urbanisation, l’ensablement, l’acidification et la salinisation progressive dessols constituent les principaux facteurs limitant de ce système de production. Face à ces contraintes, la réhabilitation des digues anti sel et la réservation de ces vallées à l’agriculture urbaine pourraient sous-tendre la durabilité de la riziculture dans la commune de Ziguinchor. The peri-urban rice farming system is a strategic axis in the fight against food vulnerability in Ziguinchor. And yet, ignored by decision-makers, it suffers from urbanization and physicochemical changes in the soils of rice fields. This study aims to promote the integration of rice farming into the urban system. It required an agronomic diagnosis on the basis of 180 yield squares sample of ¼ m sideways installed in 4 periurban valleys. Yield is determined by the product of the average density of paddy grains per m² and the average weight of a grain. Yield is determined by the product of the average density of paddy grains per m² and the average weight of a grain. It follows from this study that this system of rice farming, practised in the lowlands, is rainfed type. Five traditional rice varieties ("Coulcoulba", "Diamicé", "Etoukhale", "Yagholale" and "Abdou Diouf") and four other registered varieties (ITA 123, War 1, DJ684D and Ikong Pao) are grown in the city. Yields, estimated onaverage at 4.79± 0.35 t.ha-1, contribute to the food security of households that practise rice farming. Among the valleys, Cobitène-Colobane that produces 5.07 t/ha presents the best yield. As regard the varieties, the "Coulcoulba" which reaches 5.65 t/ha has the highest yields. However, urbanization, silting, acidification and progressive salinization of soils are the main limiting factors of this production system. In the face of these constraints, the rehabilitation of salt dams and the reservation of these valleys to urban agriculture could underpin the sustainability of rice farming in the municipality of Ziguinchor

Dynamique de la mangrove du marigot de Bignona autour du barrage d’Affiniam (Casamance, Sénégal)

La sècheresse des années 1970 a contribué à la dégradation de la mangrove en Casamance. Les activités socio-économiques (pêche, riziculture...) sont devenues de moins en moins rentables. Pour faire face aux conséquences des aléas climatiques, le barrage d’Affiniam fut construit sur le marigot de Bignona. Cependant, à la suite de sa construction, la dégradation de la mangrove a semblé s’accélérer en amont comme en aval du barrage. Dans ce contexte, la présente étude tente de comprendre cette dégradation ainsi que la dynamique de l’écosystème autour du barrage. A cet effet, des cartes d’occupation des sols ont été confectionnées avant et après la construction du barrage. Des relevés de végétation ont été faits le long d’un transect de 12 km passant par le barrage. Les résultats montrent que la mangrove a régressé de 55,58% entre 1986 et 2010 autour de l’ouvrage. Sa densité actuelle est de 3869 individus/ha en aval et de 245 individus/ha en amont. La mangrove de la partie aval est moins touchée par la dégradation. Cependant, la salinité des eaux peut y atteindre 120 g/l en fin de saison sèche, alors que le pH varie entre 6,5 et 7,5. Malgré ce taux de salinité élevé, le pH oscille autour de la neutralité (pH=7).© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Dégradation, régression, amont, aval, CasamanceEnglish AbstractDynamics of the mangrove ecosystem around the Affiniam dam (Casamance, Senegal) on the Bignona backwater. The drought in the 1970s has contributed not only to the mangrove system degradation but also to the decrease of socio-economic profits for rural communities (fishing, rice production...). To accommodate to the adverse weather conditions, the Affiniam dam was built on the backwater of Bignona. However, its construction significantly reduced and degraded the mangrove system affecting the upstream as well as the downstream parts of the dam. To understand the causes of the environmental deterioration and the dynamics of the ecosystem around the dam, maps of the lands used before and after construction of the dam were made and vegetation inventory were conducted along a 12 km transect across it. The results of this study showed that the mangroves decreased by 55.58% between 1986 and 2010 in the area surrounding the dam with a current  density of 3869 individuals/ha downstream and 245 individuals/ha upstream. The downstream portion of the mangroves where the tides are still effective is less affected by the process of environmental deterioration. However, water salinity can reach 120 g/l at the end of the dry season while water pH can vary between 6,5 and 7,5. Despite this high rate of salinity, the pH oscillates around 7 (neutral pH).© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Degradation, regression, upstream, downstream, Casamanc