Pemberdayaan Petani Di Kawasan Subak Guama Dan Jatiluwih, Kabupaten Tabanan, Bali

Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk menganalisis pemberdayaan petani dalam sistem pertanian subak di Kabupaten Tabanan, Provinsi Bali, Indonesia. Data untuk analisis adalah data penelitian dari PPK LIPI 2012 yang dilakukan dengan penelusuran data sekunder, wawancara, diskusi kelompok, dan observasi. Ada kecenderungan kurangnya minat pekerja muda untuk bekerja sebagai petani di Subak Guama. Sektor pertanian kurang menarik bagi kaum muda karena nilai upah dan pendapatan di sektor ini lebih rendah dari sektor lainnya. Namun, belum ada masalah terkait dengan pemenuhan tenaga kerja di sektor pertanian karena kepemilikan lahan di daerah ini sempit (sekitar 0,3 ha). Petani di Subak Guama memiliki kerja sama kelembagaan yang telah berakar di masyarakat. Koperasi memberikan bantuan untuk meringankan beban petani dengan pinjaman modal. Peran Subak Guama juga sangat menonjol dalam aspek teknologi. Teknologi dari pemerintah dan sektor swasta akan lebih mudah dipahami dan dilaksanakan oleh petani jika dilakukan melalui lembaga-lembaga lokal. Program tajarwo, sistem integrasi padi dan ternak, budidaya tanaman secara berimbang akan diterima dengan baik oleh petani melalui koperasi. Koperasi di Subak Guama telah menjadi salah satu contoh yang memainkan peran penting dalam peningkatan pengetahuan dan informasi bagi petani

Kinetic modeling of LDPE pyrolysis using coats-Redfern method

Pyrolysis of polymer waste can potentially be a source of renewable energy, as it is a possible way to produce liquid fuel. In order to industrialize the process, the kinetic behavior of the pyrolysis has to be well understood. In this study, pyrolysis of virgin low density polyethylene (LDPE) was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The test was carried out from 303-923 K at 20K/min in a nitrogen atmosphere. The TGA result was used to develop suitable models to calculate the activation energy, E, and pre-exponential factor, A, using Coats-Redfern method. Proximate and elemental analysis was also carried out on the LDPE sample. It was discovered that all reaction models were able to produce satisfactory linear fit of the data, with high correlation coefficients. Therefore, Coats-Redfern method cannot be used alone, but must be coupled with other methods to determine the correct reaction mechanism for the pyrolysis. By assuming first-order reaction, the calculated activation energy and pre-exponential factor are 166.75 kJ/mol and 4.97 x 1011 s-1, respectively

Preparation of polyacrylamide grafted onto magnetic cellulose as flocculant in wastewater pre-treatment application

Recently, many efforts has been made to improve the potency of natural polymer-based flocculants in wastewater treatment. Graft copolymerization of magnetic cellulose and polyacrylamide (PAM-g-MagCell) were synthesized through microwave assisted technique with the aid of ceric-ion-induced as catalyst. Through varying the monomer, polysaccharide and mass of catalyst, five grades of PAM-g-MagCell were synthesized. The influences of these factors toward grafting percentage were investigate. The flocculation performance of PAM-g-MagCell was also studied in treating anaerobically-treated palm oil mill effluent (AnPOME). The grafting ratio suggested that the optimum conditions for graft copolymerization were composed of 0.25 g catalyst ceric ammonium nitrate and 4:1 mass ratio of acrylamide monomer to magnetic cellulose. The results found that under such optimum conditions, flocculation performance had improved, whereby, sampled wastewater coloration and suspended solid were significantly reduced by 50% and 65%, respectively

ANALISIS FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN PERTANIAN KE LAHAN NON PERTANIAN DI KOTA KUPANG

The purpose of this study was to determine how much influence the total population, number of industries, and GDP on the rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in Kupang City.  This research uses quantitative research, the data is processed with the needs of the model used.  The data source comes from the Kupang City Statistics Agency.  The amount of research data used in this study is from 2010 - 2019. With processing techniques and using classical assumptions and hypothesis testing, as well as analyzing data using multiple linear regression with the help of Software Eviews 9 for windows. The results showed that the area of ​​conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land during the last 10 years has decreased from an area of ​​6,384 hectares with lowland rice production decreasing from 2,345.2 tons / hectare to 2,132 tons / hectare in 2019.  population, number of industry, GRDP have a significant and positive effect on the conversion of agricultural land functions.  And partially the population, number of industries, and GRDP have a significant and positive effect.  Calculations are made to measure the proportion and percentage of the total variation in the dependent variable that can be explained by the regression model.  From the regression results above, the value of R squared (R2) is 0.823999, this means that the independent variable explains the variation of the Change in Agricultural Land Functions in Kupang City by 82.39% while the remaining 17.61% is explained by other variables outside the study

Chemically treated chicken bone waste as an efficient adsorbent for removal of acetaminophen

Present of pharmaceutical as the emerging pollutants arise the concerns of environment community regarding the potential impact of acetaminophen (ACT) on ecological and human health. Adsorption process has been proven as an effective treatment being activated carbon as the adsorbent to remove many types of pollutant including low concentration of pollutants. However, on large scale industrial processes, utilisation of activated carbon is limited because of their high production cost. Synthesis of waste materials as a precursor of adsorbent is an attractive approach in sustainable management and economic availability. In this study, the removal of ACT from aqueous solution by chemically treated chicken bone (AC) waste was investigated. The adsorption process was conducted in a batch adsorption and affected by several experimental parameters including contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and temperature. With AC dosage of 0.1 g about 93 % of 1,000 mg/L ACT was removed from the aqueous solution that had pH of 2 and temperature of 25 °C. Kinetic of ACT adsorption was well described by pseudo-second order kinetic model. Meanwhile, effect of initial concentration of acetaminophen adsorption data was fitted well with Freundlich isotherm model with an R2 of 0.9909. Finally, the data obtained from effect of temperature was used to determine the adsorption thermodynamic including the enthalpy, ΔH, Gibbs energy, ΔG and entropy, ΔS. It was found that the ΔG was negative at all temperature while both, ΔH and ΔS was also negative between temperatures of 25 °C to 70 °C indicating the process of ACT adsorption was exothermic reaction and the adsorption reaction is spontaneous at low temperature

A review of nanocellulose adsorptive membrane as multifunctional wastewater treatment

Dyes, inorganic and organic solvents, heavy metals and oils represent a substantial danger to water supplies, which is a major global problem. Advanced research and development in the manufacture of green-adsorptive membranes as well as simple operation, high separation efficiency, low energy consumption, eco-friendly and affordable cost have led the way to the development of sophisticated treatments for water remediation. To date, nanocellulose has been extensively investigated as excellent biomaterials in membrane filtration due to their exceptional properties such as large specific surface area, anti-fouling behaviour, high aspect ratio, high thermal resistance, outstanding mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility. The large surface area of nanocellulose contains a large number of free hydroxyl groups, which are easily modified and functionalized has been discussed. In addition, recent progresses in the application of modified nanocellulose for heavy metal removal, oily water separation and dye extractions are surveyed, since they are potentially useful as adsorbents in the filtration membrane to enhance its performance

Biosorption of chromium (VI) ions using sustainable eggshell impregnated pandanus amaryllifolius roxb. biosorbent

Currently, wastewater containing heavy metals treatment has been included as a significant topic for research. This is due to the effluent that is concentrated with a toxic and hazardous content which needs for a proper treatment as to reduce the environmental impacts before it can be released as an effluent. Therefore, biosorption by waste material was proposed in this study as a treatment method for this type of wastewater. The objective is focus on the comparison of the characteristics and performance of raw eggshell waste biosorbent with prepared hybrid eggshell pandan biosorbent on the removal of Cr (VI) ions in aqueous solution. From the study, it showed that the prepared hybrid biosorbent perform higher percentage in the removal of Cr (VI) ions in aqueous solution compare to the raw eggshell waste with its optimum condition at 140 min of contact time, 0.5 g of biosorbent dosage at 50 °C and pH 4 in 0.8 mg/L of solution concentration. On the other hands, the optimum conditions for the raw eggshell waste biosorbent to achieve its highest percentage removal of Cr (VI) ions in aqueous solution is 140 mins of contact time, 0.5 g of biosorbent dosage in room temperature at pH 5 in 0.8 mg/L of solution concentration. The kinetic study revealed that the adsorption model of this study follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model of Legergren with positive value of enthalpy (16.68 kJ/mol) and entropy change (0.0473 kJ/mol). In addition, hybrid eggshell-pandan biosorbent has a potential to become a candidate of biosorbent to the removal of Cr (VI) ions in wastewater

Bio-based Lubricants from Modification of RBD Palm Kernel Oil by Trans-Esterification / A.M.S. Zuan...[et al.]

Bio-based products nowadays has been used as a substitution of non-renewable resources such as for petroleum oil to fulfil the increase in demand and solving environmental issue. Petroleum crude oil has been long utilize for producing lubricants and among several studies made to replace the sources are from palm oil products. Palm oil products are been process to various type of oil such as palm olein, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), refined bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm stearin (PS) and RBD palm kernel oil (PKO) where the potential of this products has been tested and proven as a good lubricant resources. However, some of this palm oil products existed in the solid form and need to be modified into liquid form. Commonly, biodiesel used in the combustion engine is engineered from trans-esterification process of used oil, animal fats and vegetables oil. In this study, trans-esterification used to modify the RBD palm kernel oil from solid into liquid state with the presence of basic catalyst and alcohol in various parameters such as reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst percentage and molar ratio between alcohol and RBD PKO. The successful liquefy ester product then proceed to the fourball tribotester machine to test for its lubricity and coefficient of friction (COF). Results shows that by implementing various reaction time of 3, 4.5 and 6 hours, the objectives is achievable with the new liquid modified RBD palm kernel oil can maintain its liquidity form at 0°C temperature. It was also concluded that ester products yield form trans-esterification process shows a good performance in coefficient of friction and wear compare to semi-synthetic oil

Effect of circulation flowrate and coolant temperature on progressive freeze concentration of roselle extract

In this research, progressive freeze concentration (PFC) has been applied in concentrating roselle extract. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of two operating parameters which are the circulation flow rate and coolant temperature on the average freezing rate and average concentration efficiency of roselle extract. The process has been improved in this research as an automated PFC system was implemented to assist in concentrating the roselle extract. Analyses of the results illustrated that with a decrease in coolant temperature and increase in circulation flow rate, the average freezing rate showed an increment in trend. It has been found that average concentration efficiency increased as coolant temperature increased but decreased as circulation flow rate increased. From the analysis, it can be concluded that the highest average freezing rate for the effect of coolant temperature and circulation flow rate is 0.0112 min-1 and 0.25 min-1 at coolant temperature of -14°C and circulation flow rate of 3000 mL/min respectively. As for the average concentration efficiency, the highest value for the effect of coolant temperature and circulation flow rate has been recorded as 0.91 (at -6°C) and 1.02 (at 2200 mL/min) respectively

Carbohidrate Distribution In The Small Intestine of Sumba Ongole Cattle (Bos indicus)

The small intestine has cells that function to secrete mucus that protects the intestine from pathogenic agents and mechanical damage. One of the components of mucus is carbohydrates. This study aims to knowing the distribution of acidic and neutral carbohydrates in the small intestine of sumba ongole (Bos indicus) cattle. Six samples of the small intestine were collected from East Sumba Slaughter House. The tissue was fixed in formalin 10 %, continued with processed histologically and AB-PAS staining. The results showed that acidic and neutral carbohydrates were distributed in the tunica of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum with varying intensity. The strong intensity was seen in goblet cells, Lieberkuhn crypts, and Brunner's glands. The different distribution of carbohydrates in the small intestine is related to the mucus secretion of each cell and that function