An Agronomic Approach to Pine Nut Production by Grafting Stone Pine on Two Rootstocks

Stone pine (Pinus pinea) grows in natural stands within the Mediterranean basin and its nut is highly appreciated for its nutritional profile. Nevertheless, a decline in this species due to biotic and abiotic damages is currently being clearly observed. This situation has led to its development as a nut crop, to try to save its production and obtain regular harvests over the years. Under this agronomic scenario, the aim of this work was to compare the behavior of the stone pine grafted onto two rootstocks, P. pinea (PP) and P. halepensis (PH), by evaluating cone productivity, tree growth response, mast seeding patterns and pine nut composition. The field test was composed of 14 PH and 14 PP, randomly distributed into groups of 4–5 trees/rootstock. Data were from seven productive growing seasons. The results show higher growth and ripe cone production on PP rather than PH, although the productivity (cones/m2 canopy) was similar. Any effect of rootstock was observed on the mast seeding pattern and weight of cones, while the pine nut composition showed differences in the fatty acids content. The global quality of production was similar in PH and PP.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

SMART MOBILITY IN SMART CITIES

[EN] Cities are currently undergoing a transformation into the Smart concept, like Smartphones or SmartTV. Many initiatives are being developed in the framework of the Smart Cities projects, however, there is a lack of consistent indicators and methodologies to assess, finance, prioritize and implement this kind of projects. Smart Cities projects are classified according to six axes: Government, Mobility, Environment, Economy, People and Living. (Giffinger, 2007) The main objective of this research is to develop an evaluation model in relation to the mobility concept as one of the six axes of the Smart City classification and apply it to the Spanish cities. The evaluation was carried out in the 62 cities that made up in September 2015 the Spanish Network of Smart Cities (RECI- Red Española de Ciudades Inteligentes). This research is part of a larger project about Smart Cities’ evaluation (+CITIES), the project evaluates RECI’s cities in all the axes. The analysis was carried out taking into account sociodemographic indicators such as the size of the city or the municipal budget per inhabitant. The mobility’s evaluation in those cities has been focused in: sustainability mobility urban plans and measures to reduce the number of vehicles. The 62 cities from the RECI have been evaluated according to their degree of progress in several Smart Cities’ initiatives related to smart mobility. The applied methodology has been specifically made for this project. The grading scale has different ranks depending on the deployment level of smart cities’ initiatives.Moreno Alonso, C.; Baucells Aletà, N.; Arce Ruiz, RM. (2016). SMART MOBILITY IN SMART CITIES. En XII Congreso de ingeniería del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (España). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1209-1219. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3485OCS1209121

Estrategias de control en el nogal de Cydia pomonella y Ectomyelois ceratoniae

En un artículo publicado en Vida Rural nº525 se daba a conocer la dinámica de población de estos dos lepidópteros y se establecía cómo realizar un correcto seguimiento, diferenciando según la altura de colocación de la trampa. En esta segunda parte del artículo se pretende aportar una clara diferenciación de adultos, larvas y daños causados por cada uno de ellos. Por otro lado, se analizan los umbrales y los métodos de control disponibles frente a ambas plagas. Todo ello debe permitir diseñar estrategias de control de gestión integrada válidas y aplicables a las distintas condiciones productivas de la Península Ibérica.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Evaluation of Chestnut Susceptibility to Cryphonectria parasitica: Screening under Controlled Conditions

Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr (Sordariomycetes, Valsaceae) is the causal agent of chestnut blight. This disease is a major concern for chestnut cultivation in Europe. The fungus colonizes vascular tissues and evolves generating cankers causing severe dieback and the death of the tree. Excised and debarked well-lignified shoots of 28 C. sativa genotypes (assay A) and of 10 progenies (assay B) were inoculated with C. parasitica strain FMT3bc2 (vcg: EU2). Fungal growth was measured along the longitudinal axis on the 3rd and 6th days after inoculation. Results indicated the inoculation methodology works and the results were clear after 6 days. Differences in susceptibility to chestnut blight among C. sativa trees of Montseny have been detected both at the individual genotype level and at the progeny level. Nineteen genotypes and four progenies showed a susceptibility to Blight not significantly different from C. mollissima. The methodology was easy to apply in extensive/preliminary selection screenings to assess the susceptibility of C. sativa materials to the Blight.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Advances in Rootstock Breeding of Nut Trees: Objectives and Strategies

The production and consumption of nuts are increasing in the world due to strong economic returns and the nutritional value of their products. With the increasing role and importance given to nuts (i.e., walnuts, hazelnut, pistachio, pecan, almond) in a balanced and healthy diet and their benefits to human health, breeding of the nuts species has also been stepped up. Most recent fruit breeding programs have focused on scion genetic improvement. However, the use of locally adapted grafted rootstocks also enhanced the productivity and quality of tree fruit crops. Grafting is an ancient horticultural practice used in nut crops to manipulate scion phenotype and productivity and overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. There are complex rootstock breeding objectives and physiological and molecular aspects of rootstock–scion interactions in nut crops. In this review, we provide an overview of these, considering the mechanisms involved in nutrient and water uptake, regulation of phytohormones, and rootstock influences on the scion molecular processes, including long-distance gene silencing and trans-grafting. Understanding the mechanisms resulting from rootstock × scion × environmental interactions will contribute to developing new rootstocks with resilience in the face of climate change, but also of the multitude of diseases and pests.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Los materiales de Juglans para la producción de madera. Las actividades de selección desarrolladas en el IRTA

El nogal, J. regia L., es una especie muy extendida en todos los países del mediterráneo en los que aparece diseminado en condiciones muy diferentes de medio. Su madera tiene una calidad ampliamente reconocida desde el siglo XIV, cuando se empezó a extender el uso de los muebles en Europa. Actualmente, se sigue utilizando en la fabricación de muebles, especialmente para chapados de calidad, pero también tiene otros usos entre ellos el más conocido es el de la fabricación de culatas de escopeta de caza. En estos momentos, bajo el nombre de madera de nogal se incluyen las maderas de diferentes especies de Juglans, entre ellas el J. nigra, el J. cinerea y también la de los híbridos entre distintos Juglans. Las especies de Juglans se encuentran mayoritariamente en América, donde se distribuyen de norte a sur 17 especies diferentes, entre ellas J. nigra en el noreste de EE.UU y J. cinerea entre EE.UU y Canadá, las dos de mayor interés forestal. En Asia, particularmente en China, se encuentran especies de nogales grises, junto a J. regia, el nogal común, que se extendió desde Asia central hacia el este y hacia el oeste, llegando a Europa antes de la última glaciación. Desde la antigüedad, ésta ha sido la especie de Juglans que mayor interés ha despertado y actualmente se halla cultivada en todas las áreas de clima templado del mundo. Entre las demás especies, sólo J. nigra se ha difundido fuera de su zona de origen, a algunas áreas determinadas de Europa central, por su interés forestal

Clons de cirerer per a l’obtenció de fusta. Exemple d’una plantació en terrenys agraris

El cirerer (Prunus avium L.) és una espècie ben coneguda per la seva producció fruitera i pel valor de la seva fusta. Per al primer objectiu, l’obtenció de cirera, la selecció genètica de varietats ha estat des de l’antiguitat ben activa i aquesta producció s’ha localitzat sempre dins d’un context agrícola, sobre terres agràries. En canvi, per a l’obtenció de fusta s’ha recorregut tradicionalment als ambients forestals amb l’extracció d’arbres no sotmesos ni a selecció ni a una silvicultura específiques, derivant actualment en una escassetat de peus amb bones característiques fustaneres

Residues of Deltamethrin in Pine Needles and Pine Nuts of Catalonia (Spain)

In recent years, recurrent droughts have weakened stone pine (Pinus pinea) forests and facilitated the emergence of harmful pests and diseases, including the Leptoglossus occidentalis. The production of stone pine nuts has declined over the past five years. To control this hemipteran pest, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide called deltamethrin is being tested. However, it is necessary to estimate the residue left by these treatments in forest stands. Therefore, a fast and robust analytical procedure was developed based on QuEChERS clean-up extraction, followed by gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector. This optimized method can detect residual concentrations of deltamethrin in pine nuts and pine needles up to 0.1 and 6 μg kg−1, respectively, with a limit of quantification of 0.4 and 20 μg kg−1. Great recoveries (between 84 and 102%) were obtained for both matrices, and no matrix effect was observed. The results showed that two weeks after spraying, the deltamethrin content in the needles of stone pines decreased by up to 75%, and after nine months, its presence was like that of nontreated trees. Keywords: pine needle; nut; deltamethrin; gas chromatographyThis work was supported by the grants PID2020-113371RA-C22 (C. Gómez) by Science and Innovation Ministry from Spanish Government and PID2019-107483GB-100 (N. Aletà) ‘Making sustainable the Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) production by its management as nut tree’ (2020–2024) and by the Spanish GOPinea ‘Mejora e Innovación en la Producción del piñón nacional’ (2021–2023) by MICIN.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio