Linke Friedenspolitik und kollektive Sicherheit

Das Grundgesetz (GG) erlaubt die Einordnung Deutschlands in ein «System gegenseitiger kollektiver Sicherheit» (Art. 24 GG) zur «Wahrung des Friedens». Mit dem Beitritt Deutschlands zur UNO, die dieses System kollektiver Sicherheit verkörpert, ist Deutschland die Verpflichtung eingegangen, sich den Maßgaben des UNO-Rechts zu unterwerfen. Die Verwendung deutscher Streitkräfte ist im GG unter dem Begriff der «Verteidigung» restriktiv formuliert: Das GG begrenzt die Verteidigung (abgesehen von den grundgesetzlich geregelten Maßnahmen im Inneren) zunächst auf die Verteidigung des Bundesgebietes (Art. 87a – implizit gemäß des in der UNO-Charta gesetzten Verständnisses des territorial gebundenen Verteidigungsbegriffs – und 115a - explizit). Erweiterte Einsatzmöglichkeiten jenseits des Bundesgebietes sind nur im Einklang mit der UNO-Charta zulässig. Die UNO-Charta formuliert zwei Ausnahmen vom Gewaltverbot und somit die Rechtsgrundlagen zum Einsatz von nationalen Armeen jenseits des individuellen Selbstverteidigungsrechts: Erstens räumt Artikel 51 der UNO-Charta das «naturgegebene Recht zur individuellen und kollektiven Selbstverteidigung» ein. Damit ist auch die Möglichkeit der Verteidigung jenseits der eigenen Landesgrenzen im Sinne der kollektiven Nothilfe gewährleistet. Unerheblich ist, ob es sich hierbei um ein institutionalisiertes kollektives Nothilfesystem1 (Verteidigungsbündnis) wie der NATO2 oder ob es sich um eine ad hoc kollektive Nothilfe handelt. Entscheidend ist hierbei der Verteidigungsfall, d.h. die Abwehr eines zuvor stattgefundenen oder unmittelbar stattfindenden militärischen Angriffs. Hierdurch wird der territorialgebundene Verteidigungsbegriff nicht berührt, da der Angriff sich gegen das Territorium eines anderen Staates, dem man sich gegenüber zur Nothilfe auf der Grundlage der «kollektiven Verteidigung» (Art. 51 der UNO-Charta) verpflichtet hat, richtet. Zweitens ist dem UNO-Sicherheitsrat zur Wiederherstellung des «Weltfriedens und der internationalen Sicherheit» das Gewaltmonopol überantwortet (Art. 24 und Art. 39 bis 42 UNO-Charta). Die Bundeswehr kann jenseits des Verteidigungsfalles für UN-geführte4 (Art. 43 bis 45 UNO-Charta) und UN-mandatierte Zwangsmaßnahmen (Art. 53 UNO-Charta) gemäß Artikel 24 GG eingesetzt werden

Visibility in space - Target description subroutine

Computer subroutine for use in calculating visibility of Lunar Excursion Module /LEM/ ASCENT stage during moon orbit rendezvous with Command Service Module /CSM

Quantitative assessment of pinning forces and the superconducting gap in NbN thin films from complementary magnetic force microscopy and transport measurements

Epitaxial niobium-nitride thin films with a critical temperature of Tc=16K and a thickness of 100nm were fabricated on MgO(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Low-temperature magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images of the supercurrent vortices were measured after field cooling in a magnetic field of 3mT at various temperatures. Temperature dependence of the penetration depth has been evaluated by a two-dimensional fitting of the vortex profiles in the monopole-monopole model. Its subsequent fit to a single s-wave gap function results in the superconducting gap amplitude Delta(0) = 2.9 meV = 2.1*kB*Tc, in perfect agreement with previous reports. The pinning force has been independently estimated from local depinning of individual vortices by lateral forces exerted by the MFM tip and from transport measurements. A good quantitative agreement between the two techniques shows that for low fields, B << Hc2, MFM is a powerful and reliable technique to probe the local variations of the pinning landscape. We also demonstrate that the monopole model can be successfully applied even for thin films with a thickness comparable to the penetration depth.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, 2 table

Tunneling dynamics of side chains and defects in proteins, polymer glasses, and OH-doped network glasses

Simulations on a Lennard-Jones computer glass are performed to study effects arising from defects in glasses at low temperatures. The numerical analysis reveals that already a low concentration of defects may dramatically change the low temperature properties by giving rise to extrinsic double-well potentials (DWP's). The main characteristics of these extrinsic DWP's are (i) high barrier heights, (ii) high probability that a defect is indeed connected with an extrinsic DWP, (iii) highly localized dynamics around this defect, and (iv) smaller deformation potential coupling to phonons. Designing an extension of the Standard Tunneling Model (STM) which parametrizes this picture and comparing with ultrasound experiments on the wet network glass $a$-B$_2$O$_3$ shows that effects of OH-impurities are accurately accounted for. This model is then applied to organic polymer glasses and proteins. It is suggested that side groups may act similarly like doped impurities inasmuch as extrinsic DWP's are induced, which possess a distribution of barriers peaked around a high barrier height. This compares with the structurlessly distributed barrier heights of the intrinsic DWP's, which are associated with the backbone dynamics. It is shown that this picture is consistent with elastic measurements on polymers, and can explain anomalous nonlogarithmic line broadening recently observed in hole burning experiments in PMMA.Comment: 34 pages, Revtex, 9 eps-figures, accepted for publication in J. Chem. Phy

Monopolelike probes for quantitative magnetic force microscopy: calibration and application

A local magnetization measurement was performed with a Magnetic Force Microscope (MFM) to determine magnetization in domains of an exchange coupled [Co/Pt]/Co/Ru multilayer with predominant perpendicular anisotropy. The quantitative MFM measurements were conducted with an iron filled carbon nanotube tip, which is shown to behave like a monopole. As a result we determined an additional in-plane magnetization component of the multilayer, which is explained by estimating the effective permeability of the sample within the \mu*-method.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure

Engineering chromium related single photon emitters in single crystal diamond

Color centers in diamond as single photon emitters, are leading candidates for future quantum devices due to their room temperature operation and photostability. The recently discovered chromium related centers are particularly attractive since they possess narrow bandwidth emission and a very short lifetime. In this paper we investigate the fabrication methodologies to engineer these centers in monolithic diamond. We show that the emitters can be successfully fabricated by ion implantation of chromium in conjunction with oxygen or sulfur. Furthermore, our results indicate that the background nitrogen concentration is an important parameter, which governs the probability of success to generate these centers.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure

Reply to Comment on "Cosmic rays, carbon dioxide, and climate"

In our analysis [Rahmstorf et al., 2004], we arrived at two main conclusions: the data of Shaviv and Veizer [2003] do not show a significant correlation of cosmic ray flux (CRF) and climate, and the authors' estimate of climate sensitivity to CO2 based on a simple regression analysis is questionable. After careful consideration of Shaviv and Veizer's comment, we want to uphold and reaffirm these conclusions. Concerning the question of correlation, we pointed out that a correlation arose only after several adjustments to the data, including shifting one of the four CRF peaks and stretching the time scale. To calculate statistical significance, we first need to compute the number of independent data points in the CRF and temperature curves being correlated, accounting for their autocorrelation. A standard estimate [Quenouille, 1952] of the number of effective data points is urn:x-wiley:00963941:media:eost14930:eost14930-math-0001 where N is the total number of data points and r1, r2 are the autocorrelations of the two series. For the curves of Shaviv and Veizer [2003], the result is NEFF = 4.8. This is consistent with the fact that these are smooth curves with four humps, and with the fact that for CRF the position of the four peaks is determined by four spiral arm crossings or four meteorite clusters, respectively; that is, by four independent data points. The number of points that enter the calculation of statistical significance of a linear correlation is (NEFF− 2), since any curves based on only two points show perfect correlation; at least three independent points are needed for a meaningful result