Dose of Prophylactic Platelet Transfusions and Prevention of Hemorrhage

We conducted a trial of prophylactic platelet transfusions to evaluate the effect of platelet dose on bleeding in patients with hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale

Why girls fight: Female violence in inner cities

Drawing heavily on Edward Sapir\u27s synthesis of culture and personality, this study explores both the social and cultural organization of female youth violence in two Philadelphia inner city neighborhoods on a collective level as well as the individual-level responses to those structuring conditions. The dissertation considers girls\u27 everyday street fights, which constitute the majority of encounters in which girls in inner cities physically aggress. The study especially seeks to consider the instrumental and symbolic value that physical aggression has for girls in inner cities. It addresses both the emotional logic that underlies and organizes girls\u27 thinking about violence and how it dovetails with issues surrounding race, poverty and social inequality. It considers the role that family and peers play in socializing a girl to use violence, the special relationship that exists between mothers and daughters with regard to violence, and how key institutions in the community—school, the criminal justice system, law enforcement— construct and respond to violent girls. It argues that establishing a reputation through street violence provides a girl with a measure of physical security, an avenue for attaining a sense of mastery, status, and self-esteem in a social setting where legal opportunities for achievement and other psychic rewards are not otherwise easily available