A crossover study to evaluate the diversion of malaria vectors in a community with incomplete coverage of spatial repellents in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

Malaria elimination is unlikely to occur if vector control efforts focus entirely on transmission occurring indoors without addressing vectors that bite outdoors and outside sleeping hours. Additional control tools such as spatial repellents may provide the personal protection required to fill this gap. However, since repellents do not kill mosquitoes it is unclear if vectors will be diverted from households that use spatial repellents to those that do not.; A crossover study was performed over 24 weeks in Kilombero, Tanzania. The density of resting and blood-engorged mosquitoes and human blood index (HBI) of malaria vector species per household was measured among 90 households using or not using 0.03 % transfluthrin coils burned outdoors under three coverage scenarios: (i) no coverage (blank coils); (ii) complete coverage of repellent coils; and (iii) incomplete coverage of repellent and blank coils. Mosquitoes were collected three days a week for 24 weeks from the inside and outside of all participating households using mosquito aspirators. Paired indoor and outdoor human landing collections were performed in three random households for six consecutive nights to confirm repellent efficacy of the coils and local vector biting times.; The main vectors were Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus (sensu stricto), which fed outdoors, outside sleeping hours, on humans as well as animals. Anopheles arabiensis landings were reduced by 80 % by the spatial repellent although household densities were not reduced. The HBI for An. arabiensis was significantly higher among households without repellents in the incomplete coverage scenario compared to houses in the no coverage scenario (Odds ratio 1.71; 95 % CI: 1.04-2.83; P = 0.03). This indicated that An. arabiensis mosquitoes seeking a human blood meal were diverted from repellent users to non-users. The repellent coils did not affect An. funestus densities or HBI.; Substantial malaria vector activity is occurring outside sleeping hours in the Kilombero valley. Repellent coils provided some protection against local An. arabiensis but did not protect against local (and potentially pyrethroid-resistant) An. funestus. Pyrethroid-based spatial repellents may offer a degree of personal protection, however the overall public health benefit is doubtful and potentially iniquitous as their use may divert malaria vectors to those who do not use them

Not Another Caffeine Effect on Sports Performance Study—Nothing New or More to Do?

The performance-enhancing potential of acute caffeine consumption is firmly established with benefits for many aspects of physical performance and cognitive function summarised in a number of meta-analyses. Despite this, there remains near exponential growth in research articles examining the ergogenic effects of caffeine. Many such studies are confirmatory of well-established ideas, and with a wealth of convincing evidence available, the value of further investigation may be questioned. However, several important knowledge gaps remain. As such, the purpose of this review is to summarise key knowledge gaps regarding the current understanding of the performance-enhancing effect of caffeine and justify their value for future investigation. The review will provide a particular focus on ten research priorities that will aid in the translation of caffeine’s ergogenic potential to real-world sporting scenarios. The discussion presented here is therefore essential in guiding the design of future work that will aid in progressing the current understanding of the effects of caffeine as a performance enhancer

Seroma in lipoabdominoplasty and abdominoplasty: ultrasonographic comparative study

BACKGROUND: Seroma is one of the most common complications in abdominoplasty. OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate of seroma formation in patients who underwent either abdominoplasty and lipoabdominoplasty. METHODS: The sample consisted of 41 female patients, who were divided into three groups and underwent one of the following procedures: group A (n=21), abdominoplasty and group B (n=20), lipoabdominoplasty. In order to investigate seroma formation, abdominal ultrasound was performed in 5 regions of the abdominal wall [epigastrium (EPI), umbilical (UMB), hypogastrium (HYPO), right iliac fossa (RIF) and left iliac fossa (LIF)], at two postoperative periods: (P1), between postoperative days 11 and 14, and (P2), between postoperative days 18 and 21. RESULTS: The rate of seroma formation at both P1 and P2 was significantly higher in group A than in group B. It was observed that, in group A at P1, the regions RIF and LIF developed larger fluid collections. In group B, there were significantly larger fluid collections in the HYPO region at P1, and in the UMB and HYPO regions at P2. CONCLUSION: Lipoabdominoplasty is effective technique for the prevention of seroma compared with abdominoplasty.INTRODUÇÃO: O seroma é uma das complicações mais frequentes nas abdominoplastias. OBJETIVO: Comparar a incidência de seroma em pacientes submetidos à abdominoplastia convencional e à lipoabdominoplastia. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 41 pacientes, divididas em dois grupos: Grupo A (21 pacientes submetidas à abdominoplastia convencional e Grupo B (20 pacientes submetidas à lipoabdominoplastia). Para a investigação da formação de seroma foi realizado ultrassonografia de cinco regiões da parede abdominal (epigástrio (EPI), umbilical (UMB), hipogástrio (HIPO), fossa ilíaca direita (FID) e fossa ilíaca esquerda (FIE)) em dois momentos: entre o 11º e o 14º dia de pós-operatório (DPO) (P1) e entre o 18º e 21º DPO (P2). RESULTADOS: A incidência de seroma tanto em P1 quanto em P2 foi significativamente maior no grupo A que no grupo B. Observou-se que no grupo A, no P1, as regiões FID e FIE apresentaram maior incidência de coleções fluidas. No grupo B, houve uma maior incidência de coleções fluidas na região HIPO em P1 e nas regiões UMB e HIPO em P2. CONCLUSÃO: Houve menor incidência de seroma nos pacientes submetidos à lipoabdominoplastia em relação à abdominoplastia convencional nos momentos estudados.SBCPUNIFESP-EPMUNIFESP-EPM Setor de Deformidades da Parede Abdominal da Disciplina de Cirurgia PlásticaUniversidade de Santo AmaroUNIFESP-EPM Departamento de CirurgiaUNIFESP-EPM Programa Pós-Graduação em Cirurgia PlásticaUNIFESP, EPM, Setor de Deformidades da Parede Abdominal da Disciplina de Cirurgia PlásticaUNIFESP, EPM Depto. de CirurgiaUNIFESP, EPM Programa Pós-Graduação em Cirurgia PlásticaSciEL

Swaroop and Uemura's proportional mortality ratio: the need for periodic revision of the definition

Using reliable data from 34 countries for the years 1950, 1960, 1970 and 1980 it was observed that the proportional mortality ratio for 50 years of age and above, proposed by Swaroop & Uemura, did not provide the best discriminatory power between more and less developed countries in any of the years studied. In 1970 and 1980, the greatest discriminatory power was obtained by using the proportional mortality ratio for 75 years of age and above. The displacement of deaths to upper age groups over a certain period of time was better translated by variations in the 75 years and above than in the 50 years and above proportional mortality ratio. It is also useful to complement this information by computing the percentage of deaths at 65 years of age and above. It is suggested that the classes proposed by Swaroop & Uemura should be reformulated using new classes based on the proportional mortality ratio for 75 years and above, with the following limits: 0 | 20; 20 | 40; 40 | 50; 50 | 55 and 55 and above, with the possibility of subdividing the last group, if necessary, in the future.Utilizando dados referentes a 34 países, em quatro épocas, 1950,1960, 1970 e 1980, foi verificado que a percentagem de óbitos com 50 anos e mais, que constitui a Razão de Mortalidade Proporcional, indicador de nível de saúde de populações proposta por Swarrop e Uemura, não proporcionou o maior poder de discriminação entre países mais e menos desenvolvidos, em qualquer das épocas; nas duas últimas, foi a percentagem de óbitos com 75 anos e mais que correspondeu esse maior poder. Verificou-se ainda que os deslocamentos de óbitos para faixas etárias mais elevadas, durante um determinado período, foram também mais bem traduzidas pelas variações no mesmo período, dessa percentagem, sendo útil a complementação dessas informações pelas variações da percentagem de óbitos com 65 anos e mais. E sugerida a conveniência de reformulação das classes propostas por Swaroop e Uemura, definindo-se outras baseadas na RMP dada por 75 anos e mais, com os seguintes limites: 0 | 20, 20 | 40, 40 | 50, 50 | 55 e 55 ou mais, com previsão de desdobramento futuro da última.Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de Medicina PreventivaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de Medicina PreventivaSciEL

Razão de mortalidade proporcional de Swaroop e Uemura: necessidade de revisão periódica de sua definição

Using reliable data from 34 countries for the years 1950, 1960, 1970 and 1980 it was observed that the proportional mortality ratio for 50 years of age and above, proposed by Swaroop & Uemura, did not provide the best discriminatory power between more and less developed countries in any of the years studied. In 1970 and 1980, the greatest discriminatory power was obtained by using the proportional mortality ratio for 75 years of age and above. The displacement of deaths to upper age groups over a certain period of time was better translated by variations in the 75 years and above than in the 50 years and above proportional mortality ratio. It is also useful to complement this information by computing the percentage of deaths at 65 years of age and above. It is suggested that the classes proposed by Swaroop & Uemura should be reformulated using new classes based on the proportional mortality ratio for 75 years and above, with the following limits: 0 |—20; 20 |—40; 40 |—50; 50 |—55 and 55 and above, with the possibility of subdividing the last group, if necessary, in the future.Utilizando dados referentes a 34 países, em quatro épocas, 1950,1960, 1970 e 1980, foi verificado que a percentagem de óbitos com 50 anos e mais, que constitui a Razão de Mortalidade Proporcional, indicador de nível de saúde de populações proposta por Swarrop e Uemura, não proporcionou o maior poder de discriminação entre países mais e menos desenvolvidos, em qualquer das épocas; nas duas últimas, foi a percentagem de óbitos com 75 anos e mais que correspondeu esse maior poder. Verificou-se ainda que os deslocamentos de óbitos para faixas etárias mais elevadas, durante um determinado período, foram também mais bem traduzidas pelas variações no mesmo período, dessa percentagem, sendo útil a complementação dessas informações pelas variações da percentagem de óbitos com 65 anos e mais. E sugerida a conveniência de reformulação das classes propostas por Swaroop e Uemura, definindo-se outras baseadas na RMP dada por 75 anos e mais, com os seguintes limites: 0 |—20, 20 |—40, 40 |—50, 50 |—55 e 55 ou mais, com previsão de desdobramento futuro da última

When expectancies harm comprehension : Encoding flexibility in impression formation

Peer reviewedPostprin

Efeito do uso de leite fortificado com ferro e vitamina C sobre os níveis de hemoglobina e condição nutricional de crianças menores de 2 anos

The impact of the use of fortified powdered whole milk (9 mg of iron and 65 mg of vitamin C/100 g of milk) on the hemoglobin levels of children under 2 years of age was evaluated, over a period of 6 months, in 107 children enrolled in municipal Day Care Centers (DCC) and in 228 seen at a Basic Health Care Unit (BHCU). Before the beginning of the intervention 66.4% of the children in the DCC and 72.8% of those seen at the BHCU had hemoglobin levels ender 11.0 g/dl. After 6 months of fortified milk intake, these percentages fell to 20.6% and 18.0% respectively. the average hemoglobin before the intervention was 10.3 g/dl in the DCC and 10.5 in the BHCU. After 6 months these increased to 11.6 g/dl in the populations studied. Concerning the nutritional condition, evaluated according to Gomez's criteria, 57% of the DCC children presented an improvement, 41.1% showed changens and only 1.9% became worse. in the BHCU, 11.4% presented better condition, 70.6% remained the same and 18% worsened, which demonstrated differences in response regarding improvement of nutritional condition, when fortified milk was used in closed and open environments. the authors conclude that the utilization of enriched foods is an excellent alternative in the treatment of iron deficiency in populations of children under 2 years of age.Universidade Federal de São Paulo,DEPT PREVENT MED,São Paulo,BRAZILFAC MED BOTUCATU,DEPT PEDIAT,BOTUCATU,BRAZILUniversidade Federal de São Paulo,DEPT PREVENT MED,São Paulo,BRAZILWeb of Scienc