107 research outputs found
Detection of code smells using machine learning techniques combined with data-balancing methods
Code smells are prevalent issues in software design that arise when implementation or design principles are violated. These issues manifest as symptoms or anomalies in the source code. Timely identification of code smells plays a crucial role in enhancing software quality and facilitating software maintenance. Previous studies have shown that code smell detection can be accomplished through the utilization of machine learning (ML) methods. However, despite their increasing popularity, research suggests that the suitability of these methods are not always appropriate due to the problem of imbalanced data. Consequently, the effectiveness of ML models may be negatively affected. This study aims to propose a novel method for detecting code smells by employing five ML algorithms, namely decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (K-NN), support vector machine (SVM), XGboost (XGB), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP). Additionally, to tackle the challenge of imbalanced data, the proposed method incorporates the random oversampling technique. Experiments were conducted in this study using four datasets that encompassed code smells, specifically god-class, data-class, long-method, and feature-envy. The experimental outcomes were evaluated and compared using various performance metrics. Upon comparing the outcomes of our models on both the balanced and original datasets, we found that the XGB model achieved the highest accuracy of 100% for detecting the data class and long method on the original datasets. In contrast, the highest accuracy of 100% was obtained for the data class and long method using DT, SVM, and XGB models on the balanced datasets. According to the empirical findings, there is significant promise in using ML techniques for the accurate prediction of code smells
Effect of growth-substances on the free amino-acid content of lentil shoots in case of water deficiency
Some aspects of grading Java code submissions in MOOCs
Recently, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have been offering a new online approach in the field of distance learning and online education. A typical MOOC course consists of video lectures, reading material and easily accessible tests for students. For a computer programming course, it is important to provide interactive, dynamic, online coding exercises and more complex programming assignments for learners. It is expedient for the students to receive prompt feedback on their coding submissions. Although MOOC automated programme evaluation subsystem is capable of assessing source programme files that are in learning management systems, in MOOC systems there is a grader that is responsible for evaluating students’ assignments with the result that course staff would be required to assess thousands of programmes submitted by the participants of the course without the benefit of an automatic grader. This paper presents a new concept for grading programming submissions of students and improved techniques based on the Java unit testing framework that enables automatic grading of code chunks. Some examples are also given such as the creation of unique exercises by dynamically generating the parameters of the assignment in a MOOC programming course combined with the kind of coding style recognition to teach coding standards
Rapid production of protein-forming amino acids with the aid of water stress and photosynthesis. I. The "proline pathway" of amino acid metabolism
Interpreting Brightness Asymmetries in Transition Disks: Vortex at Dead Zone or Planet-carved Gap Edges?
Recent sub-millimeter observations show non-axisymmetric brightness
distributions with a horseshoe-like morphology for more than a dozen transition
disks. The most accepted explanation for the observed asymmetries is the
accumulation of dust in large-scale vortices. Protoplanetary disks vortices can
form by the excitation of Rossby-wave instability in the vicinity of a steep
pressure gradient, which can develop at the edges of a giant planet carved gap
or at the edges of an accretionally inactive zone. We studied the formation and
evolution of vortices formed in these two distinct scenarios by means of
two-dimensional locally isothermal hydrodynamic simulations. We found that the
vortex formed at the edge of a planetary gap is short-lived, unless the disk is
nearly inviscid. In contrast, the vortex formed at the outer edge of a dead
zone is long-lived. The vortex morphology can be significantly different in the
two scenarios: the vortex radial and azimuthal extensions are ~1.5 and ~3.5
times larger for the dead zone edge compared to gap models. In some particular
cases, the vortex aspect ratios can be similar in the two scenarios, however,
the vortex azimuthal extensions can be used to distinguish the vortex formation
mechanisms. We calculate predictions for vortex observability in the
sub-millimeter continuum with ALMA. We found that the azimuthal and radial
extent of brightness asymmetry correlates with vortex formation process, within
the limitations of alpha-viscosity prescription.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Csoporttechnológia-alapú tervezés és ütemezés támogatása diszkrét matematikai modellekkel és módszerekkel = Supporting of the Group Technology Based Design, Planning and Scheduling by Means of Discrete Mathematical Models and Methods
A kutatási tĂ©mában - a kitűzött cĂ©lokkal összhangban - nĂ©gy terĂĽleten Ă©rtĂĽnk el eredmĂ©nyeket. A választási feladatok terĂĽletĂ©n a csoporttechnolĂłgia-alapĂş gyártĂłcellák kialakĂtásához egy Ăşj matematikai mĂłdszert dolgoztunk ki, amely a fogalomhálĂłk dinamikusan fejlĹ‘dĹ‘ Ăşj terĂĽletĂ©hez kapcsolĂłdik. Az eljáráshoz szoftver is kĂ©szĂĽlt, amelyet irodalmi összehasonlĂtás alapján sikeresen teszteltĂĽnk. A termelĂ©si, illetve gyártási feladatok csoportos ĂĽtemezĂ©sĂ©hez kapcsolĂłdĂłan fĹ‘kĂ©nt a rugalmas Ă©s igĂ©ny szerinti tömeggyártás igĂ©nyeit is támogatni kĂ©pes, kiterjesztett ĂĽtemezĂ©si modell Ă©s szoftver kifejlesztĂ©sĂ©re törekedtĂĽnk. A munkadarabok csoportjainak diszkrĂ©t ismĂ©rvek alapján valĂł kialakĂtása terĂ©n elĂ©rt Ăşj eredmĂ©nyek a fogalomhálĂłk elmĂ©letĂ©nek továbbfejlesztĂ©sĂ©t jelentik a kutatĂłcsoport által bevezetett Ăşn. dobozhálĂłk tulajdonságainak Ă©s alkalmazási lehetĹ‘sĂ©geinek feltárásával. Az intenzitás alapĂş optimalizálási feladatok csoporttechnolĂłgiai környezetben valĂł kitűzĂ©se Ă©s megoldása szĂĽksĂ©gessĂ© tette, hogy kidolgozzuk a diszkrĂ©t termelĂ©si folyamatok intenzitás-alapĂş modellezĂ©sĂ©nek Ă©s optimalizálásának egysĂ©ges elmĂ©leti alapjait az Ăşn. termelĂ©si háromszög modell felhasználásával. Az elĂ©rt eredmĂ©nyek teljes mĂ©rtĂ©kben általánosĂthatĂłk csoporttechnolĂłgiai környezetre, mivel az átlagos intenzitás fogalma Ă©ppen a mindenkori csoport reprezentásához rendelhetĹ‘ hozzá a termelĂ©s ill. gyártás kĂĽlönbözĹ‘ hierarchiai szintjein. A kutatási tĂ©mához kĂ©t PhD Ă©rtekezĂ©s Ă©s számos publikáciĂł kapcsolĂłdik. | In the research project, in accordance with the declared objectives, we obtained results in four fields. In the field of selection tasks we elaborated a new mathematical method suitable for creating Group Technology (GT) based manufacturing cells, which is connected with the new area of concept lattices developing dynamically. A software is also elaborated and successfully tested on the basis of literature. In connection with the grouped production tasks we concentrated our efforts to develop an extended scheduling model and software capable for supporting the demands of flexible and customized mass production. In the area of creating workpiece groups on the basis of discrete attributes we obtained new results by means of revealing the properties and application possibilities of so-called "box-lattices". It means further developing the theory of concept lattices. In order to define and solve intensity (rate) based optimization tasks in GT environment, we elaborated the unified theoretical basics of intensity based discrete production processes by using the so-called "production triangle model". The results obtained so far can be generalized to GT environment in full, because the concept of average intensity can be allocated to the representative member of the given group at the different hierarchy levels of production and manufacturing, respectively. Two PhD Theses before defending procedure directly and numerous publications are connected with the project
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