Evaluation of olive mill waste as substrate for carotenoid production by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

The “alperujo” is a waste from the olive oil industry with great potential for valorization. It has a high organic load, with the presence of valuable compounds such as biophenols and sugars. The use of this waste can be thought of as a biorefinery from which different compounds of high added value can be obtained, whether they are present in the “alperujo” such as biophenols or can be generated from the “alperujo”. Therefore, the production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was evaluated using the liquid fraction of ‘alperujo’ (Alperujo Water, AW) or an aqueous extract (AE) of “alperujo” at different concentrations (5, 10, 20 and 30% w/V) as substrates. The AEs had an acidic pH, a total sugar concentration ranging from 1.6 to 7.6 g/L, a polyphenols content from 0.4 to 2.9 g/L and a significant amount of proteins (0.5–3 g/L). AW is similar in composition as 30% AE, but with a higher amount of total sugars. Rh. mucilaginosa was able to grow at the different mediums with consumption of glucose and fructose, a reduction in protein content and alkalinization of the medium. Maximum total carotenoid production (7.3 ± 0.6 mg/L) was achieved at AW, while the specific production was higher when the yeast grew at AW or at 30% AE (0.78 ± 0.06 and 0.73 ± 0.10 mg/g of biomass, respectively). Torulene and torularhodin were the main carotenoids produced. Polyphenol content did not change; thus, it is still possible to recover these compounds after producing carotenoids. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using alperujo-based mediums as cheap substrates to produce torularhodin and torulene and to include this bioprocess as a step in an integral approach for alperujo valorization.Fil: Ghilardi, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química; ArgentinaFil: Sanmartin Negrete, Paola Tatiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Carelli Albarracin, Amalia Antonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química; ArgentinaFil: Borroni, Maria Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología; Argentin

Comparative analysis of the skull morphometrics of antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) from South Orkney and South Shetland Islands

Se estudió la morfometría craneana de dos agrupamientos poblacionales de lobo fino antártico, Arctocephalus gazella, pertenecientes a diferentes localidades del Arco de Scotia, con el objetivo de detectar variación geográfica. Esto podría aportar evidencias sobre migración y flujo génico entre las mismas. Además, de corroborarse la variación geográfica, podría constituir una herramienta útil para identificar la procedencia de individuos errantes de origen incierto. Se midieron 22 variables craneométricas para cada ejemplar, de un total de 78, provenientes de Islas Orcadas del Sur (n=43) e Islas Shetland del Sur (n=35). El análisis comparativo univariado y multivariado incluyó estadística standard, análisis de la varianza, análisis de componentes principales y análisis discriminante. No se halló una diferencia clara ni significativa entre los grupos analizados lo que indicaría que se mantiene el flujo génico entre ambos. Por lo tanto, la morfometría craneana por sí sola no puede utilizarse como una herramienta útil para determinar el origen de individuos errantes de esta especie.Skull morphometrics of two populations of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) located at different islands of the Scotia Arc were compared in order to detect possible geographical variation. This could provide evidence on migration and gene flow between them. In addition, if variation was shown to occur, this could be useful in identifying the source of vagrant seals of this species of unknown origin. Twenty two metric variables were measured from adult male skulls from South Orkney Islands (n=43) and South Shetland Islands (n=35). Comparative univariate and multivariate statistical analyses included standard statistics, one-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis. No significant separation between the two island groups, based on cranial characteristics, was found. This would indicate that gene flow is still occurring between them. Therefore, skull morphometrics cannot be used to determine the origin of vagrant fur sealsFil: Daneri, Gustavo Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; ArgentinaFil: Varela, Esperanza Amalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; ArgentinaFil: Di Martino, Cecilia Carina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; ArgentinaFil: Pla, Laura. Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda; VenezuelaFil: de Santis, José María. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Negrete, Javier. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Harrington, Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentin

Comparative Analysis of the Skull Morphometrics of Antarctic Fur Seals (Arctocephalus Gazella) from South Orkney And South Shetland Islands

Se estudió la morfometría craneana de dos agrupamientos poblacionales de lobo fino antártico, Arctocephalus gazella, pertenecientes a diferentes localidades del Arco de Scotia, con el objetivo de detectar variación geográfica. Esto podría aportar evidencias sobre migración y flujo génico entre las mismas. Además, de corroborarse la variación geográfica, podría constituir una herramienta útil para identificar la procedencia de individuos errantes de origen incierto. Se midieron 22 variables craneométricas para cada ejemplar, de un total de 78, provenientes de Islas Orcadas del Sur (n=43) e Islas Shetland del Sur (n=35). El análisis comparativo univariado y multivariado incluyó estadística standard, análisis de la varianza, análisis de componentes principales y análisis discriminante. No se halló una diferencia clara ni significativa entre los grupos analizados lo que indicaría que se mantiene el flujo génico entre ambos. Por lo tanto, la morfometría craneana por sí sola no puede utilizarse como una herramienta útil para determinar el origen de individuos errantes de esta especie.Skull morphometrics of two populations of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) located at different islands of the Scotia Arc were compared in order to detect possible geographical variation. This could provide evidence on migration and gene flow between them. In addition, if variation was shown to occur, this could be useful in identifying the source of vagrant seals of this species of unknown origin. Twenty two metric variables were measured from adult male skulls from South Orkney Islands (n=43) and South Shetland Islands (n=35). Comparative univariate and multivariate statistical analyses included standard statistics, one-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis. No significant separation between the two island groups, based on cranial characteristics, was found. This would indicate that gene flow is still occurring between them. Therefore, skull morphometrics cannot be used to determine the origin of vagrant fur seals.Sociedad de Ciencias Morfológicas de La Plat

Comparative Analysis of the Skull Morphometrics of Antarctic Fur Seals (Arctocephalus Gazella) from South Orkney And South Shetland Islands

Se estudió la morfometría craneana de dos agrupamientos poblacionales de lobo fino antártico, Arctocephalus gazella, pertenecientes a diferentes localidades del Arco de Scotia, con el objetivo de detectar variación geográfica. Esto podría aportar evidencias sobre migración y flujo génico entre las mismas. Además, de corroborarse la variación geográfica, podría constituir una herramienta útil para identificar la procedencia de individuos errantes de origen incierto. Se midieron 22 variables craneométricas para cada ejemplar, de un total de 78, provenientes de Islas Orcadas del Sur (n=43) e Islas Shetland del Sur (n=35). El análisis comparativo univariado y multivariado incluyó estadística standard, análisis de la varianza, análisis de componentes principales y análisis discriminante. No se halló una diferencia clara ni significativa entre los grupos analizados lo que indicaría que se mantiene el flujo génico entre ambos. Por lo tanto, la morfometría craneana por sí sola no puede utilizarse como una herramienta útil para determinar el origen de individuos errantes de esta especie.Skull morphometrics of two populations of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) located at different islands of the Scotia Arc were compared in order to detect possible geographical variation. This could provide evidence on migration and gene flow between them. In addition, if variation was shown to occur, this could be useful in identifying the source of vagrant seals of this species of unknown origin. Twenty two metric variables were measured from adult male skulls from South Orkney Islands (n=43) and South Shetland Islands (n=35). Comparative univariate and multivariate statistical analyses included standard statistics, one-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis. No significant separation between the two island groups, based on cranial characteristics, was found. This would indicate that gene flow is still occurring between them. Therefore, skull morphometrics cannot be used to determine the origin of vagrant fur seals.Sociedad de Ciencias Morfológicas de La Plat

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Morfometría craneana comparada del lobo fino antártico (Arctocephalus gazella) de Islas Orcadas del Sur e Islas Shetland del Sur

Skull morphometrics of two populations of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) located at different islands of the Scotia Arc were compared in order to detect possible geographical variation. This could provide evidence on migration and gene flow between them. In addition, if variation was shown to occur, this could be useful in identifying the source of vagrant seals of this species of unknown origin. Twenty two metric variables were measured from adult male skulls from South Orkney Islands (n=43) and South Shetland Islands (n=35). Comparative univariate and multivariate statistical analyses included standard statistics, one-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis. No significant separation between the two island groups, based on cranial characteristics, was found. This would indicate that gene flow is still occurring between them. Therefore, skull morphometrics cannot be used to determine the origin of vagrant fur seals.Se estudió la morfometría craneana de dos agrupamientos poblaciones de lobo fino Antártico, Arctocephalus gazella, pertenecientes a diferentes localidades del Arco de Scotia, con el objetivo de detectar variación geográfica. Esto podría aportar evidencias sobre migración y flujo génico entre las mismas. Además, de corroborarse la variación geográfica, podría constituir una herramienta útil para identificar la procedencia de individuos errantes de origen incierto. Se midieron 22 variables craneométricas para cada ejemplar proveniente de Islas Orcadas del sur (n=43) e islas Shetland del sur (n=35). El análisis comparativo univariado y multivariado incluyó estadística standard, análisis de la varianza, análisis de componentes principales y análisis discriminante. No se halló una diferencia clara ni significativa entre los grupos analizados lo que indicaría que se mantiene el flujo génico entre ambos. Por lo tanto, la morfometría craneana por sí sola no puede utilizarse como una herramienta útil para determinar el origen de individuos errantes de esta especie

Influence of olive mill waste phenolic compounds levels on carotenoid production by Rhodotorula spp.

7 Figuras.-- 3 TablasOlive oil production using the two-phase extraction system generates large amounts of biomass named alperujo, which has high percentage of water, slightly acidic pH, and high concentration of salts, organic matter, and phenolic compounds. Due to the presence of these components, alperujo is a significant source of environmental pollution, hindering the disposal of this waste. Nevertheless, some phenolic compounds such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, have high nutraceutical and antioxidant power and could have potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This work aimed to evaluate the ability of different alperujo-derived media, with different levels of phenolic compounds, to sustain the growth and carotenoid production by yeasts from Rhodotorula genera (R. mucilaginosa LPSC 638, R. glutinis Y54, and R. graminis Y52), as well as to prospect the biotechnological production of carotenoids in these media. The yeasts grew and produced carotenoids in all media, although growth was better in dephenolized media. The highest amount of carotenoids (43.0 ± 3.1 mg/g dry yeast) was obtained with R. glutinis Y54 grown in a thermally treated and dephenolized medium. Our study represents a novel approach to valorize alperujo with a dual benefit, the recovery of valuable compounds, i. e. phenolic compounds, and the bioproduction of new ones, i.e. carotenoids.This work was partially supported by “Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica” (ANPCyT, PICT 2018-4065), Argentina. VB stay at the Instituto de la Grasa was financed by an External Fellowship from “Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas” (CONICET), Argentina

Influence of olive mill waste phenolic compounds levels on carotenoid production by Rhodotorula spp.

Olive oil production using the two-phase extraction system generates large amounts of biomass named alperujo, which has high percentage of water, slightly acidic pH, and high concentration of salts, organic matter, and phenolic compounds. Due to the presence of these components, alperujo is a significant source of environmental pollution, hindering the disposal of this waste. Nevertheless, some phenolic compounds such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, have high nutraceutical and antioxidant power and could have potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This work aimed to evaluate the ability of different alperujoderived media, with different levels of phenolic compounds, to sustain the growth and carotenoid production by yeasts from Rhodotorula genera (R. mucilaginosa LPSC 638, R. glutinis Y54, and R. graminis Y52), as well as to prospect the biotechnological production of carotenoids in these media. The yeasts grew and produced carotenoids in all media, although growth was better in dephenolized media. The highest amount of carotenoids (43.0 ± 3.1 mg/g dry yeast) was obtained with R. glutinis Y54 grown in a thermally treated and dephenolized medium. Our study represents a novel approach to valorize alperujo with a dual benefit, the recovery of valuable compounds, i. e. phenolic compounds, and the bioproduction of new ones, i.e. carotenoids.EEA San JuanFil: Ghilardi, Carolina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI); ArgentinaFil: Ghilardi, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ghilardi, Carolina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; ArgentinaFil: Sanmartín Negrete, Paola. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Sanmartín Negrete, Paola. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Gutiérrez, Guillermo. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de la Grasa; EspañaFil: Monetta, Pablo Miguel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.Fil: Arroyo - López, Francisco Noé. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de la Grasa; EspañaFil: Hornero - Méndez, Dámaso. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de la Grasa; EspañaFil: Carelli, Amalia Antonia. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI); ArgentinaFil: Carelli, Amalia Antonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Carelli, Amalia Antonia. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; ArgentinaFil: Borroni, Virginia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Borroni, Virginia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo; Argentin