Lights, Camera, Action! Exploring Effects of Visual Distractions on Completion of Security Tasks

Human errors in performing security-critical tasks are typically blamed on the complexity of those tasks. However, such errors can also occur because of (possibly unexpected) sensory distractions. A sensory distraction that produces negative effects can be abused by the adversary that controls the environment. Meanwhile, a distraction with positive effects can be artificially introduced to improve user performance. The goal of this work is to explore the effects of visual stimuli on the performance of security-critical tasks. To this end, we experimented with a large number of subjects who were exposed to a range of unexpected visual stimuli while attempting to perform Bluetooth Pairing. Our results clearly demonstrate substantially increased task completion times and markedly lower task success rates. These negative effects are noteworthy, especially, when contrasted with prior results on audio distractions which had positive effects on performance of similar tasks. Experiments were conducted in a novel (fully automated and completely unattended) experimental environment. This yielded more uniform experiments, better scalability and significantly lower financial and logistical burdens. We discuss this experience, including benefits and limitations of the unattended automated experiment paradigm

Artificial Intelligence as an Enabler of Quick and Effective Production Repurposing Manufactur-ing: An Exploratory Review and Future Research Propositions

The outbreak of Covid-19 created disruptions in manufacturing operations. One of the most serious negative impacts is the shortage of critical medical supplies. Manufacturing firms faced pressure from governments to use their manufacturing capacity to repurpose their production for meeting the critical demand for necessary products. For this purpose, recent advancements in technology and artificial intelligence (AI) could act as response solutions to conquer the threats linked with repurposing manufacturing (RM). The study’s purpose is to investigate the significance of AI in RM through a systematic literature review (SLR). This study gathered around 453 articles from the SCOPUS database in the selected research field. Structural Topic Modeling (STM) was utilized to generate emerging research themes from the selected documents on AI in RM. In addition, to study the research trends in the field of AI in RM, a bibliometric analysis was undertaken using the R-package. The findings of the study showed that there is a vast scope for research in this area as the yearly global production of articles in this field is limited. However, it is an evolving field and many research collaborations were identified. The study proposes a comprehensive research framework and propositions for future research development

Antegrade versus retrograde nailing techniques and trochanteric versus piriformis intramedullary nailing entry points for femoral shaft fractures: A systematic review and meta-Analysis

© 2017 Joule Inc. or its licensors. Background: There are several different techniques commonly used to perform intramedullary (IM) nailing of the femur to fix femoral fractures. We sought to identify significant differences in outcomes of studies comparing 1) trochanteric and piriformis entry and 2) antegrade and retrograde entry in IM nailing of the femur. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane and Embase databases and the Orthopaedic Trauma Association and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons websites for comparative studies published from inception to November 2015. Criteria used to select articles for detailed review included use of antegrade and retrograde entry point or use of trochanteric and piriformis entry point for IM nailing of the femur in adult patients. Functional and technical outcomes were extracted from accepted studies. Results: We identified 483 potential studies, of which 52 were eligible. Of these, we included 13 publications and 2 abstracts (2 level I, 7 level II and 6 level III studies). Trochanteric entry significantly reduced operative duration by 14 min compared with piriformis entry (p = 0.030). Retrograde nailing had a greater risk of postoperative knee pain than antegrade nailing (p = 0.05). On the other hand, antegrade nailing had significantly more postoperative hip pain (p = 0.003) and heterotopic ossification (p \u3c 0.001) than retrograde nailing. No significant differences in functional outcomes were observed. Conclusion: Although some significant differences were found, the varying quality of studies made recommendation difficult. Our meta-Analysis did not confirm superiority of either antegrade over retrograde or trochanteric over piriformis entry for IM nailing of the femur. Level of evidence: Level III therapeutic

Effect of capsaicin on the oxidative stress and dopamine content in the transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease

In the present study the effect of capsaicin was studied on PD model flies expressing human alpha synuclein. First the potential of scavenging superoxide anion and free radicals by capsaicin at doses of 20, 40, 80 and 100 μM was estimated. The PD flies were allowed to feed separately on the diet containg 20, 40, 80 and 100 μM of capsaicin, respectively, for 24 days. After 24 days of exposure, fly head homogenate was prepared from each group and was used to estimate glutathione (GSH), protein carbonyl (PC), dopamine content, lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. A dose dependent significant increase in the potential of scavenging superoxide anions and free radicals by capsaicin was observed for the doses of 20, 40, 80 and 100 μM. The exposure of capsaicin not only significantly increased the GSH (max. by 1.37-fold), and dopamine (max. by 1.56-fold) content but also reduced LPO (max. by 1.8-fold), GST (max. by 1.26-fold), MAO activities (max. by 1.60-fold) and PC content (max. by 1.95-fold), compared to unexposed PD flies (p < 0.05). The results suggest the protective role of capsaicin against the PD symptoms

ESBL determination and antibacterial drug resistance pattern of Klebsiella Pneumoniae amongst patients at PIMS Islamabad

Background: A number of life threatening infections due to various bacterial pathogens are major cause  of death in Pakistan. In a situation like the other developing countries, there is a general increase in the  drug resistance due to the irrational use of the antibiotics. The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and development of resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae against commonly used antibiotics.Methods and Materials: A total of 200 samples from different wards of the hospitals were received by the pathology laboratory of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, which comprised of urine  65, blood 50 and other miscellaneous samples from various sources. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated and characterized using morphological, cultural, and biochemical methods and were further confirmed by using commercially available API 20E kit. The isolates were subjected to culture sensitivity test using  Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: The organism was found to be the most prevalent Gram-negative bacilli. K. pneumoniae showed  highest resistance against coamoxiclav and cephalosporins.Conclusion: The study revealed that ESBL producing strains were resistant to most of the beta-lactam antibiotics. This trend therefore has become a significant problem and can be controlled with continued surveillance or monitoring for rationally improved antibiotics usage, in order to prevent the drug resistance and re-emergence of infection.Key words: Klebsiella pneumoniae, ESBL (Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase), API (Analytical Profile Index

The prevalence of anaemia in a district general hospital in the United Kingdom

© 2021 The Authors. Published by Cureus, Inc. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: doi:10.7759/cureus.15086Aim Investigating the prevalence of hospital-acquired anaemia in a United Kingdom (UK) secondary care setting to describe the level of appropriate management prior to discharge back to primary care. Design and settings An observational study of 13 medical and surgical wards in a UK district general hospital. Method Single-day examination of notes, blood results and drug charts, with a 30-day follow up, using pre-set definitions of anaemia and exclusion criteria. Results Two hundred and sixty-seven patients were included. Of them, 52% were anaemic on admission, 62.2% were anaemic on the study day, 16% had hospital-acquired anaemia and 49%-82% had no biochemical indices checked during the admission or in the last 12 months. Also, 53% of anaemic patients are being discharged without appropriate treatment, with over a third being under-investigated. Conclusion The prevalence of anaemia in a UK district general hospital is high. Causes of anaemia are complex, posing a potentially modifiable risk factor for falls, readmission and mortality.Published versio

Conservation laws for self-adjoint first order evolution equations

In this work we consider the problem on group classification and conservation laws of the general first order evolution equations. We obtain the subclasses of these general equations which are quasi-self-adjoint and self-adjoint. By using the recent Ibragimov's Theorem on conservation laws, we establish the conservation laws of the equations admiting self-adjoint equations. We illustrate our results applying them to the inviscid Burgers' equation. In particular an infinite number of new symmetries of these equations are found and their corresponding conservation laws are established.Comment: This manuscript has been accepted for publication in Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physic

Q wave and non-Q wave myocardial infarction: a multivariate analysis of survival experience and clinical outcome after first diagnosis at a tertiary care hospital

Introduction: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a well-recognized clinical entity with a worldwide distribution. In the United States alone, 1.5 million cases of MI occur per year. This study compares the in-hospital mortality, 1 year mortality and time to death following a first Q-wave or non Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI).Methods: One thousand five hundred and ninety-six patients were admitted at the Aga Khan University Hospital with a diagnosis of MI over a period of four years of whom 420 patients met our inclusion criteria. Data was collected from the patients\u27 medical records and on telephone using a pretested questionnaire. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the data.Results: The mean age +/- sd of the patients was 59 +/- 10 years. Of the total patients, 151(36%) and 269(64%) suffered non-Q wave and Q-wave MI respectively. A higher in hospital mortality was observed in patients with Q-wave MI (n = 64, 23.8%) than those with non-Q wave MI [n = 16 (10.6%); adjusted OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.5-5.01]. Similarly, patients having Q-wave MI experienced increased 1 year mortality (n = 77, 28.6%) compared to patients suffering non-Q wave MI [n = 26 (17.2%); adjusted OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.21-3.43].CONCLUSION: Patients with Q-wave MI had a worse prognosis compared with patients with non-Q-wave MI and therefore warrant a closer follow up. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of early aggressive interventions in modifying the natural history of this disease

A pilot study comparing the metabolic profiles of elite-level athletes from different sporting disciplines

Background: The outstanding performance of an elite athlete might be associated with changes in their blood metabolic profile. The aims of this study were to compare the blood metabolic profiles between moderate- and high-power and endurance elite athletes and to identify the potential metabolic pathways underlying these differences. Methods: Metabolic profiling of serum samples from 191 elite athletes from different sports disciplines (121 high- and 70 moderate-endurance athletes, including 44 high- and 144 moderate-power athletes), who participated in national or international sports events and tested negative for doping abuse at anti-doping laboratories, was performed using non-targeted metabolomics-based mass spectroscopy combined with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariate analysis was conducted using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Differences in metabolic levels between high- and moderate-power and endurance sports were assessed by univariate linear models. Results: Out of 743 analyzed metabolites, gamma-glutamyl amino acids were significantly reduced in both high-power and high-endurance athletes compared to moderate counterparts, indicating active glutathione cycle. High-endurance athletes exhibited significant increases in the levels of several sex hormone steroids involved in testosterone and progesterone synthesis, but decreases in diacylglycerols and ecosanoids. High-power athletes had increased levels of phospholipids and xanthine metabolites compared to moderate-power counterparts. Conclusions: This pilot data provides evidence that high-power and high-endurance athletes exhibit a distinct metabolic profile that reflects steroid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative stress, and energy-related metabolites. Replication studies are warranted to confirm differences in the metabolic profiles associated with athletes’ elite performance in independent data sets, aiming ultimately for deeper understanding of the underlying biochemical processes that could be utilized as biomarkers with potential therapeutic implications