CrossFits: Injury prevalence and main risk factors

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine prevalences of injuries associated with CrossFits training and assess profiles of these injuries and the affected athletes. METHODS: Data were collected over a 12-month period using a questionnaire administered directly to practitioners at CrossFits-affiliated fitness centers in the state of Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil. Of the 414 participants, 157 (37.9%) participants reported having suffered an injury while practicing CrossFits. RESULTS: The injury rate was 3.24 injuries per 1,000 hours of training. The probability of injury for athletes who had practiced CrossFits for longer than 12 months was 82.2%, which was higher than the corresponding probability for beginner athletes. The probability of injury was 5-fold higher among competitive-level athletes than that among less-experienced athletes. No evidence of an association between the occurrence of injuries during CrossFits practice and any of the following athlete characteristics was found: age, gender, practice of other sports, weight, and height. The incidence of injuries in this sports modality was similar to that in other modalities, including Olympic weight lifting (OWL), basic weight lifting, and artistic gymnastics. CONCLUSION: CrossFits appears to be a training program that is suitable for different age groups when performed in a safe environment and with assistance from qualified professionals

Pengaruh lama penyimpanan bubuk beluntas (Pluchea indica Less.) dalam tea bag terhadap perubahan sifat fisikokimia air seduhan

Daun beluntas merupakan tanaman perdu yang sering digunakan sebagai obat tradisional. Pemanfaatan daun beluntas sebagai minuman seduhan teh beluntas menjadi salah satu inovasi. Pengolahan beluntas yang dikemas dalam tea bag akan lebih efisien dan juga lebih praktis. Produk bubuk sangat sensitif dan mudah mengalami perubahan selama penyimpanan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka lama penyimpanan bubuk beluntas dalam tea bag diduga berpengaruh pada sifat fisikokimia seperti kekeruhan, total asam dan pH dari minuman seduhan teh beluntas. Tujuan penelitian yang dilakukan adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama penyimpanan bubuk daun beluntas dalam tea bag terhadap perubahan sifat fisikokimia meliputi kekeruhan, pH, dan total asam pada air seduhan teh beluntas. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan yaitu rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan satu faktor yaitu lama penyimpanan bubuk beluntas dalam tea bag yang terdiri dari 9 taraf perlakuan yaitu P1 (0 minggu), P2 (2 minggu), P3 (4 minggu), P4 (6 minggu), P5 (10 minggu), P6 (14 minggu), P7 (18 minggu), P8 (22 minggu) dan P9 (26 minggu) dengan ulangan sebanyak tiga kali. Parameter utama yang diuji yaitu sifat fisikokimia meliputi kadar air, pH, kekeruhan dan total asam. Data yang diperoleh dilakukan analisa varian (ANOVA) pada α=5% dan dilanjutkan analisa regresi linear untuk menentukan model trendline dan melihat kecenderungan kurva. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama penyimpanan bubuk daun beluntas berpengaruh terhadap sifat fisikokimia air seduhan. Kadar air, kekeruhan, derajat keasaman (pH) dan total asam masing-masing sebesar 8,88%-8,37% (db), 5,68-15,90 NTU; 6,85-8,10 dan 0,43-0,95 mg asam klorogenat/100g bahan. Kinetika degradasi kadar air mengikuti orde 0 dengan perkiraan umur simpan 148 hari

Anatomia visceral comparada de seis espécies de Amphisbaenidae (Squamata: Amphisbaenia) Comparison of visceral anatomy of six species of Amphisbaenidae (Squamata: Amphisbaenia)

<abstract language="eng">Visceral anatomy of amphisbaenids Amphisbaena vermicularis Wagler, 1824; Anops kingii Bell, 1833; Aulura anomala Barbour, 1914; Bronia bedai Vanzolini, 1991; Cercolophia cuiabana Strüssmann & Carvalho, 2001, and Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824 were comparatively described and the size and the position of the organs in the pleuroperitoneal cavity was established in relation to the ventral scutellation. The main results were: the right lung presents different degrees of size reduction compared to the left lung, being conspicuous only in A. anomala, and L. microcephalum; the limit between small and large intestines is clear due to the presence of a caecum; the right lobe of the liver is larger than the left one, but its length varies within the same species and among species; the right gonad occupies a more cranial position in relation to the left one, in all six studied species; the right ovary is also larger than the left one in all studied specimens, whereas the left testicle can be larger or of the same size as the right one in some specimens; the shape of the testicles varies from elongated, kidney-shaped or oval; kidneys are symmetrically positioned at the caudal portion of the pleuroperitoneal cavity and one kidney can be larger than the other

Sistema respiratório de Amphisbaena vermicularis e Amphisbaena microcephala (Squamata, Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae) Respiratory system of Amphisbaena vermicularis and Amphisbaena microcephala (Squamata, Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae)

A morfologia macro e microscópica da traqueia e pulmões de Amphisbaena vermicularis Wagler, 1824 e Amphisbaena microcephala (Wagler, 1824), assim como a ultraestrutura das câmaras respiratórias, foram descritas pela primeira vez neste estudo. A traqueia não se ramifica e seu segmento caudal, situado entre os pulmões, foi denominado brônquio. O pulmão esquerdo é alongado, saculiforme e unicameral, com parênquima faveolar na porção cranial e trabecular, na porção caudal. Câmaras respiratórias estão presentes em ambas as regiões do pulmão, mas é possível que a região caudal funcione também como reservatório de ar. O pulmão direito está reduzido nas duas espécies, no entanto em A. vermicularis a redução é bastante acentuada e apenas um vestígio deste órgão pode ser observado, mas em A. microcephala o pulmão direito é um órgão com limites definidos que se comunica com a porção caudal do tubo traqueal, através de dois orifícios. Pneumócitos tipo I e tipo II estão presentes nas câmaras respiratórias. As lâminas basais dos pneumócitos I e das células endoteliais encontram-se fundidas, de forma a diminuir a barreira ar-sangue, que é de aproximadamente 0,5 µm em A. microcephala. As características morfológicas descritas neste estudo podem representar adaptações que permitem a sobrevivência dos espécimes de Amphisbaenia nas galerias subterrâneas, onde passam a maior parte de suas vidas sob condições de baixa renovação de ar, níveis de umidade relativamente variáveis e partículas em suspensão.<br>The macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the trachea and lungs of Amphisbaena vermicularis Wagler, 1824 and Amphisbaena microcephala (Wagler, 1824), as well as the ultrastructure of the pulmonary respiratory chambers of the latter, are described for the first time. The trachea does not ramify, and its caudal segment, between the lungs, was named bronchus. The left lung is long, sac-like and unicameral, with a faveolar parenchyma in the cranial portion and a trabecular parenchyma in the caudal portion. Respiratory chambers are present in both regions of the lungs and it is suggested that the caudal portion acts as a reservoir of air. The right lung is reduced in both species, however in A. vermicularis this reduction is fairly pronounced and only a vestige of this organ can be observed, but in A. microcephala the right lung is a delimited organ that links to the caudal portion of the tracheal tube through two holes. Pneumocytes I and II occur in the respiratory chambers. The basal membranes of the pneumocytes I and of the endothelial cells are fused, diminishing the air-to-blood barrier which measures approximately 0.5 µm in A. microcephala. Morphological features described in this paper may represent some adaptations that permit the survival of the specimens of Amphisbaenia in the subterranean galleries where they spend most of their lives, under conditions of low air renewal, relatively variable levels of humidity and suspended particles

Amphisbaenia: Adaptações para o Modo de Vida Fossorial

Amphisbaenia are fossorial reptiles, which live in tunnel systems built by themselves. Currently, 195 species are described. The objective of this study was to gather bibliographic information on aspects of their morphology, physiology and behavior related to the fossorial habit. The main digging tool of the amphisbaenians is the head, whose morphology is related to the way excavation is carried out. In round-headed species, the mechanism is generalized, and in species with a paddle-shaped head, a spatula or a vertical keel, is specialized. The skull is sturdy, consisting of rigid bony plates, which must support the head thrust. The body is elongated and cylindrical, devoid of limbs, mostly formed by integumentary rings, important in the rectilinear displacement of the body back and forth within the tunnels. The elongation of the body is reflected in the internal organs which are, for the most part, elongated; the paired organs tend to undergo unilateral reduction or displacement. As a defense strategy they use caudal autotomy, tail exhibit or escape jump. They are predators that normally feed on insects and their larvae, caught by powerful jaws, strong recurved teeth. The visual system is reduced; however, they can perceive sounds and vibrations from the substrate and have an accurate chemical sense. Most species are oviparous with a low number of eggs per litter and the sexual cycle is usually synchronized with the hot and rainy season; but other aspects related to the reproductive behavior of species are still unknown. They exhibit behavioral thermoregulation and microhabitat selection with temperatures more favorable to their activities, performing vertical migrations in the soil according to the environmental temperature and seasons. Soil types and soil water content seem to affect the spatial distribution of Amphisbaenia, but this relationship needs to be better studied. The fossorial life protects it from intense solar radiation, offers a micro-habitat with higher moisture content than does the surface, protects against many predators, and is advantageous for catching soil-dwelling preys; however, it imposes limitations on the biotopes where these animals could be found.Amphisbaenia são répteis fossoriais, que vivem em sistemas de túneis construídos por eles mesmos. Atualmente, são descritas 195 espécies recentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi reunir informações bibliográficas sobre aspectos de sua morfologia, fisiologia e comportamento relacionando-as ao hábito fossorial. O principal instrumento de escavação dos anfisbênios é a cabeça, cuja morfologia está relacionada com a maneira como a escavação é realizada. Assim, nas espécies com a cabeça arredondada o mecanismo de escavação é generalizado e nas espécies com a cabeça em forma-de-pá, de espátula ou com uma quilha vertical é especializado. O crânio é resistente, formado por placas ósseas rígidas, que devem suportar as investidas da cabeça. O corpo é alongado e cilíndrico desprovido de membros, na maioria, e formado por anéis tegumentares, importantes no deslocamento retilíneo do corpo para a frente e para trás, dentro dos túneis. O alongamento do corpo é refletido nos órgãos internos que são, em sua maioria, alongados; os órgãos pares tendem a sofrer redução ou deslocamento unilateral. Como estratégias de defesa utilizam-se da autotomia caudal, exibição da cauda ou salto de fuga. São predadores que se alimentam, normalmente, de insetos e suas larvas, apreendidos por mandíbulas potentes, dentes fortes e recurvados. O sistema visual é reduzido, no entanto, são capazes de perceber sons e vibrações oriundas do substrato, e possuem um acurado senso químico. A maioria das espécies é ovípara com um baixo número de ovos por ninhada e o ciclo sexual é geralmente sazonal, sincronizado com a estação quente e chuvosa, mas outros aspectos relacionados ao comportamento reprodutivo das espécies ainda são desconhecidos. Exibem termorregulação comportamental e selecionam micro-habitat com temperaturas mais favoráveis às suas atividades, realizando migrações verticais no solo, de acordo com a temperatura ambiental e estações do ano. Os tipos de solos e o teor de umidade do mesmo parecem influenciar na distribuição espacial dos Amphisbaenia, mas esta relação precisa ser melhor compreendida. O modo de vida fossorial protege da irradiação solar intensa, oferece um micro-habitat com maior teor de umidade do que na superfície, propicia proteção contra muitos predadores e favorece a captura de presas que vivem no solo, mas impõe restrições em relação os biótopos onde este animais poderiam ser encontrados