Proteomic analysis of salicylic acid enhanced disease resistance in bacterial wilt affected chilli (Capsicum annuum) crop

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important endogenous chemical signal that plays a key role in enhancing plant defense responses. Exogenous application of 0.5 mM SA for 3 days enhanced resistance to bacterial wilt (BW) disease (by reduction in disease incidence level upto 64 under greenhouse conditions) without any detrimental effect on plant growth. To understand the dynamics of protein in SA-primed chilli during BW infection, proteomic approach using 2DE-SDS PAGE was performed. Proteomic analysis revealed 25 differentially expressed proteins (which were more prominent in SA primed-challenge inoculated chilli samples), of which 20 were successfully identified by Nano-LC MS/MS analysis. The differential expression pattern revealed that proteins associated with stress and defense, energy and metabolism, protein synthesis, protein destination and storage and transcription related were upregulated indicating the involvement of SA induced disease resistance in chilli seedlings. This suggests the complexity of the proteome and inter-connected pathways responsible for SA induced resistance in chilli. Correlation in the differential expression of catalase and EF-1A from proteomic as well as semiquantitative RT-PCR suggests this probable use as biomarkers in screening susceptibility of chilli cultivars for wilt disease. Findings from this study will serve as basis for designing disease-management strategies based on resistance conferred by SA, which could applicable to other biotic stress affected staple crops

Proteomic analysis of salicylic acid enhanced disease resistance in bacterial wilt affected chilli (Capsicum annuum) crop

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important endogenous chemical signal that plays a key role in enhancing plant defense responses. Exogenous application of 0.5 mM SA for 3 days enhanced resistance to bacterial wilt (BW) disease (by reduction in disease incidence level upto 64 under greenhouse conditions) without any detrimental effect on plant growth. To understand the dynamics of protein in SA-primed chilli during BW infection, proteomic approach using 2DE-SDS PAGE was performed. Proteomic analysis revealed 25 differentially expressed proteins (which were more prominent in SA primed-challenge inoculated chilli samples), of which 20 were successfully identified by Nano-LC MS/MS analysis. The differential expression pattern revealed that proteins associated with stress and defense, energy and metabolism, protein synthesis, protein destination and storage and transcription related were upregulated indicating the involvement of SA induced disease resistance in chilli seedlings. This suggests the complexity of the proteome and inter-connected pathways responsible for SA induced resistance in chilli. Correlation in the differential expression of catalase and EF-1A from proteomic as well as semiquantitative RT-PCR suggests this probable use as biomarkers in screening susceptibility of chilli cultivars for wilt disease. Findings from this study will serve as basis for designing disease-management strategies based on resistance conferred by SA, which could applicable to other biotic stress affected staple crops

Early Mortality in Adults Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: We systematically reviewed observational studies of early mortality post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, as defined by the World Bank, to summarize what is known. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Studies published in English between January 1996 and December 2010 were searched in Medline and EMBASE. Three independent reviewers examined studies of mortality within one year post-ART. An article was included if the study was conducted in a LMIC, participants were initiating ART in a non-clinical trial setting and were ≥15 years. Fifty studies were included; 38 (76%) from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), 5 (10%) from Asia, 2 (4%) from the Americas, and 5 (10%) were multi-regional. Median follow-up time and pre-ART CD4 cell count ranged from 3–55 months and 11–192 cells/mm(3), respectively. Loss-to-follow-up, reported in 40 (80%) studies, ranged from 0.3%–27%. Overall, SSA had the highest pooled 12-month mortality probability of 0.17 (95% CI 0.11–0.24) versus 0.11 (95% CI 0.10–0.13) for Asia, and 0.07 (95% CI 0.007–0.20) for the Americas. Of 14 (28%) studies reporting cause-specific mortality, tuberculosis (TB) (5%–44%), wasting (5%–53%), advanced HIV (20%–37%), and chronic diarrhea (10%–25%) were most common. Independent factors associated with early mortality in 30 (60%) studies included: low baseline CD4 cell count, male sex, advanced World Health Organization clinical stage, low body mass index, anemia, age greater than 40 years, and pre-ART quantitative HIV RNA. CONCLUSIONS: Significant heterogeneity in outcomes and in methods of reporting outcomes exist among published studies evaluating mortality in the first year after ART initiation in LMIC. Early mortality rates are highest in SSA, and opportunistic illnesses such as TB and wasting syndrome are the most common reported causes of death. Strategies addressing modifiable risk factors associated with early death are urgently needed