Substratos alternativos na produção de mudas de alface

A qualidade de mudas de hortaliças está relacionada principalmente com o tipo de substrato utilizado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a qualidade de mudas de alface e o uso de substratos alternativos, como o vermicomposto de esterco de coelhos e do conteúdo do rúmen de bovinos. Os fertilizantes utilizados foram: vermicomposto de esterco de coelhos – VEC; vermicomposto produzido a partir de um composto de esterco de coelhos misturado com casca de arroz – VCC; vermicomposto do conteúdo do rúmen de bovinos – VRB; substrato comercial (Mecplant®) – M. As proporções avaliadas foram: (v/v): 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%. As unidades experimentais foram completadas, quando necessário, com vermiculita fina lavada. Utilizou-se a cultivar de alface Vera para a produção de mudas em casa de vegetação. Os substratos constituídos pelo vermicomposto de composto de esterco de coelhos misturado com casca de arroz mais vermiculita, nas proporções 50% e 75% apresentam potencial para a produção de mudas de alface, semelhante às produzidas com substrato comercial. O uso da casca de arroz e da vermiculita no substrato melhoram suas condições físicas, servindo como condicionadores, favorecendo o desenvolvimento das mudas de alface

Diversity of Collembola and occurrence of Talitroides sylvaticus in a Pinus elliottii Engelm afforestation

A 52-year-old pine forest is characterized as an environment with low plant diversity and large accumulation of allelopathic litter with poor nutrient content. Collembola is sensitive to environmental conditions and may have difficulties living in these forests. This study aimed (1) to evaluate the abundance and richness of Collembola in the soil of a 52-year-old pine afforestation with different moisture contents; and (2) to identify the landhopper sampled unintentionally. For sampling, pitfall traps were set up for four days, in areas of a Pinus elliottii afforestation with high and low soil moisture located at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Collembola specimens were counted and identified to family and genus level. The total abundance of springtails was greater in the low soil moisture area. The genera Desoria and Lepidocyrtus, and specimens of the family Onychiuridae were more abundant in low soil moisture, meanwhile, the genus Ceratophysella was more abundant in the high soil moisture. The landhopper Talitroides sylvaticus was sampled unintentionally by traps set up in the soil with higher moisture and calcium content. Six genera of Collembola and the landhopper T. sylvaticus were identified in soil of a P. elliottii afforestation and their distribution is influenced by soil moisture

Respostas de Eisenia andrei (Bouché 1972) ao excesso de cobre em um solo arenoso

O cobre em excesso no solo provoca graves problemas ambientais. Este problema é maior quando o solo apresenta textura arenosa o que favorece a disponibilidade do metal aumentando os riscos aos organismos do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito toxicológico do cobre em minhocas da espécie Eisenia andrei em um solo arenoso. Um solo arenoso foi coletado e adicionado de quatro doses de cobre na forma de sulfato de cobre, 0, 60, 120 e 240 mg Cu kg-1. Este solo foi utilizado para a realização de um teste de fuga e um teste agudo utilizando minhocas da espécie Eisenia andrei. Foi determinada a porcentagem de fuga, o incremento médio de peso, biomassa e a sobrevivência dos indivíduos. A presença do cobre em excesso resultou em toxidez ao organismo das minhocas. No solo contaminado com cobre houve elevado evitamento das minhocas, com maior porcentagem para as doses de 120 e 240 mg kg-1 de cobre. O período de exposição ao contaminantes não resultou em perda ou incremento de peso. A presença do cobre, principalmente nas doses altas, resultou na redução da biomassa de Eisenia andrei

RELAÇÃO DO USO DO SOLO COM A DIVERSIDADE E A ATIVIDADE DA FAUNA EDÁFICA

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes usos do solo na abundância, riqueza, diversidade e atividade de organismos da fauna edáfica. A fauna do solo foi amostrada em: florestamento de Eucalyptus spp., florestamento de Pinus spp., lavoura de grãos, solo impactado pela construção civil e pastagem natural. Para a avaliação dos organismos da fauna epiedáfica empregou-se o método da armadilha de queda e para a amostragem dos organismos da fauna hemiedáfica utilizou-se o método TSBF. A atividade biológica do solo foi avaliada pelo método de lâminas bait. Foram coletados 5.413 organismos epiedáficos e 813 organismos hemiedáficos, distribuídos em 18 grupos taxonômicos. Os florestamentos de Pinus e Eucalyptus abrigaram as maiores abundâncias de organismos epiedáficos, com dominância de Collembola, o que resultou em menor índice de diversidade. O solo afetado pela construção civil apresentou as menores abundância e riqueza de organismos epiedáficos. A abundância, riqueza e diversidade de organismos hemiedáficos foram maiores na pastagem natural e menores no florestamento de Pinus e no solo impactado pela construção civil. A atividade biológica do solo foi maior no florestamento de Eucalyptus e menor no solo impactado pela construção civil. A abundância, riqueza e diversidade da fauna edáfica é afetada pelo uso do solo.Palavras-chave: atividade biológica do solo; bioindicadores; degradação do solo; invertebrados do solo; qualidade do solo; RELATION OF SOIL USE WITH DIVERSITY AND ACTIVITY OF EDAPHIC FAUNA ABSTRACT:This study evaluated the effect of different land uses on the abundance, richness, diversity and activity of edaphic fauna. The soil fauna was sampled in: Eucalyptus spp. afforestation, Pinus spp. afforestation, grain cropping, soil impacted by construction and natural grassland. The epiedaphic fauna was sampled by pitfalls and the hemiedaphic fauna by TSBF method. The soil biological activity was evaluated by the lamina-bait test. 5,413 epiedaphic organisms and 813 hemiedaphic organisms were collected, classified in 18 taxonomic groups. The afforestation of Pinus and Eucalyptus had the greatest abundance of epiedaphic organisms, with dominance of springtails, which resulted in a lower index of diversity. The soil affected by the construction had the lowest abundances and the richness of epiedaphic organisms. The abundance, richness and diversity of hemiedaphic organisms were higher in natural grassland; and smaller in Pinus afforestation and soil impacted by construction. Soil biological activity was higher in the Eucalyptus afforestation and lower in the soil impacted by construction. Soil use affects the abundance, richness and diversity of edaphic fauna.Keywords: soil biological activity; bioindicators; soil degradation; soil invertebrates; soil quality

Soil Biological, Chemical, and Physical Properties After a Wildfire Event in a Eucalyptus Forest in the Pampa Biome

ABSTRACT Wildfire events cause considerable environmental disturbance but few studies have examined changes in soil properties due to fire. This study aimed to assess the effect of a wildfire event on chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil in a eucalyptus forest in the Pampa biome. Part of a seven-year-old eucalyptus forest was affected by a wildfire event that lasted for two days. Soil and plant litter sampling was performed in three areas: in the forest that was not affected by the fire, in the forest affected by it, and in an adjacent natural pasture area (the original vegetation). Seven samples were collected from the 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m layers of each plot for biological analysis, and three samples were collected for chemical and physical analyses. Disturbed soil samples were collected in order to determine pH, organic matter, acidity, and nutrient content. Undisturbed samples were collected to determine soil microporosity, macroporosity, total porosity, and density. Soil macrofauna was assessed through the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility method, and biological activity was tested through substrate consumption in the bait-lamina test. The fire increased soil pH values, CEC, and base saturation, as well as K, Ca, and Mg content; it decreased potential acidity and P content in the soil. Soil physical properties were not altered by the wildfire. The total abundance of macrofauna and of annelids, arachnids, coleoptera, and isoptera decreased due to the wildfire, resulting in lower soil diversity. Hymenoptera abundance increased because of the fire event. The feeding activity of organisms in the soil surface layer decreased due to the fire. The wildfire in the eucalyptus forest in the Pampa biome altered soil chemical and biological properties

Utilização dos Diferentes Vermicompostos de Resíduos da ETE como Substrato para Produção de Mudas de Alface

The substrate used in the production of seedlings has a key role in early development of the plant. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of vermicompost as substrates for the production and development of seedlings of lettuce (L. sativa L.). The test was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Soils, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, divided into 10 treatments and seven of ten repetitions. The treatments: T1-Red Residue (RVM), T2-Green Residue (RVD), T3-Residue Red: rice Husk “in nature” – 1: 1 (RVM: CAN 1: 1), T4-Residue Green: Rice husk “in nature” – 1: 1 (RVD: CAN 1: 1), T5-Residue Red: rice Husk Carbonized – 1: 1 (RVM: CAC 1: 1), T6 Residue Green: Rice husk Carbonized – 1: 1 (RVD: CAC 1: 1), T7-Residue Red: Residue green line – 1: 1 (RVM: RVD 1: 1), T8-Residue Green: Rice husk “in nature” – 3: 1 (RVD: CAN 3: 1), T9-Residue Red: rice Husk Carbonized – 3: 1 (RVM: CAC 3: 1) and T10 Fertile Turf (EB). Treatments that had better conditions on the number of leaves, height, fresh and dry biomass production of seedlings was treated with 50% residual red: 50% green waste - RVM: RVD. For the production of lettuce showed that the treatment is effective for plant height was RVM: RVD. For the other treatment variables RVM: CAC had better conditions when we compared the treatment that the CAC was in smaller proportions. It can be inferred that the RVM RVD and mixed with rice hulls and rice husk “fresh” can be used for the production of lettuce seedlings.O substrato utilizado na produção de mudas exerce um papel fundamental para desenvolvimento inicial da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho estudo foi avaliar o potencial do vermicompoto como substratos para a produção de mudas e desenvolvimento de alface (Lactuca. sativa L.). o ensaio foi realizado na casa de vegetação do Departamento de Solos da UFSM. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casulaizado, com dez tratamento e sete repetições. Os substratos utilizados foram produzidos a partir do processo de vermicompostagem e foram: T1Resíduo Vermelho (RVM), T2 Resíduo Verde (RVD), T3 Resíduo Vermelho : Casca de Arroz “in natura” – 1:1(RVM:CAN 1:1), T4 Resíduo Verde : Casca de Arroz “in natura” – 1:1 (RVD:CAN 1:1), T5 Resíduo Vermelho : Casca de Arroz Carbonizada – 1:1 (RVM:CAC 1:1), T6 Resíduo Verde : Casca de Arroz Carbonizada – 1:1 (RVD:CAC 1:1), T7 Resíduo Vermelho : Resíduo Linha Verde – 1:1 (RVM:RVD 1:1), T8 Resíduo Verde : Casca de Arroz “in natura” – 3:1 (RVD:CAN 3:1), T9 Resíduo Vermelho : Casca de Arroz Carbonizada – 3:1 (RVM:CAC 3:1) e T10 Turfa Fértil (TF). Os tratamentos que apresentaram melhor condições quanto ao número de folhas, altura, fitomassa fresca e seca na produção de mudas foi o tratamento com 50% de resíduo vermelho: 50% resíduo verde - RVM:RVD. Para a produção de alface o tratamento que mostrou-se eficiente para altura da planta foi RVM:RVD. Para as demais variáveis a tratamento RVM:CAC apresentou condições melhores quando comparou-se os tratamento em que a CAC estava em proporções menores. Pode-se inferir que o RVM e o RVD em mistura com casca de arroz carbonizada e casca de arroz “in natura” podem ser utilizados para a produção de mudas de alface

Soil Macrofauna as Indicator of Environmental Recovery in a Mining Area

ABSTRACT This work aimed to characterize the composition of the soil macrofauna in non-mined and mined areas recovered with native vegetation, Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden and Acacia mearnsii De Wild. plantations, in a coal mine. Five areas were evaluated, namely, three non-mined areas and two mined and recovered areas. Six soil samples per area were collected using a 10x10 cm circular probe, every month during one year. Defragmentation of the soil and removal of specimens was carried out in a laboratory. A total of 3,195 specimens from 11 taxa were collected. The most abundant groups were Hymenoptera, Isoptera and Coleoptera. There were significant correlations (p<0.05) between the total abundance of Isoptera and Coleoptera with some meteorological variables. The recovery process of the mined areas with black-wattle and eucalyptus plantations proved to be efficient because there was similarity of macrofauna groups between the non-mined, mined and native vegetation areas

Soil Biological, Chemical, and Physical Properties After a Wildfire Event in a Eucalyptus Forest in the Pampa Biome

<div><p>ABSTRACT Wildfire events cause considerable environmental disturbance but few studies have examined changes in soil properties due to fire. This study aimed to assess the effect of a wildfire event on chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil in a eucalyptus forest in the Pampa biome. Part of a seven-year-old eucalyptus forest was affected by a wildfire event that lasted for two days. Soil and plant litter sampling was performed in three areas: in the forest that was not affected by the fire, in the forest affected by it, and in an adjacent natural pasture area (the original vegetation). Seven samples were collected from the 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m layers of each plot for biological analysis, and three samples were collected for chemical and physical analyses. Disturbed soil samples were collected in order to determine pH, organic matter, acidity, and nutrient content. Undisturbed samples were collected to determine soil microporosity, macroporosity, total porosity, and density. Soil macrofauna was assessed through the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility method, and biological activity was tested through substrate consumption in the bait-lamina test. The fire increased soil pH values, CEC, and base saturation, as well as K, Ca, and Mg content; it decreased potential acidity and P content in the soil. Soil physical properties were not altered by the wildfire. The total abundance of macrofauna and of annelids, arachnids, coleoptera, and isoptera decreased due to the wildfire, resulting in lower soil diversity. Hymenoptera abundance increased because of the fire event. The feeding activity of organisms in the soil surface layer decreased due to the fire. The wildfire in the eucalyptus forest in the Pampa biome altered soil chemical and biological properties.</p></div

Efeito do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus grandis no crescimento de isolados de fungos ectomicorrízicos em diferentes concentrações de cobre, zinco e níquel Essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis effect on the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates in different copper, zinc and nickel concentrations

&lt;p&gt;Os metabólitos secundários bioativos de algumas plantas são capazes de estimular o crescimento dos fungos ectomicorrízicos. Quando em associação com plantas, esses fungos proporcionam as mesmas condições de se desenvolverem em ambientes contaminados por metais pesados. Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de óleo essencial de &lt;em&gt;Eucalyptus grandis &lt;/em&gt;no crescimento de isolados ectomicorrízicos na presença de cobre, zinco e níquel. Os fungos ectomicorrízicos &lt;em&gt;Pisolithus microcarpus &lt;/em&gt;(UFSC Pt 116) e &lt;em&gt;Pisolithus &lt;/em&gt;sp. (UFSC Pt 24) foram incubados em meio de cultura líquido na presença de concentrações crescentes de cobre, zinco e níquel e de óleo essencial de &lt;em&gt;Eucalyptus grandis &lt;/em&gt;na concentração de 20 μL L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Após período de incubação de 25 dias, avaliou-se a massa seca do micélio e a concentração que inibiu o crescimento fúngico em 50%. Nas concentrações de cobre, zinco e níquel superiores a 3,94, 1,57 e 0,85 mmol L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectivamente, não foi verificado aumento no crescimento dos isolados ectomicorrízicos avaliados pela adição do óleo essencial. A presença do óleo essencial de &lt;em&gt;E. grandis &lt;/em&gt;na concentração de 20 μL L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; em meio de cultura líquido aumentou a tolerância dos isolados ectomicorrízicos UFSC Pt 116 e UFSC Pt 24 aos metais pesados cobre, zinco e níquel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.67.227&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The bioactive secondary metabolites of some plants are capable of stimulating the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Combined with plants, these fungi provide the same conditions to grow in environments contaminated by heavy metals. We evaluated the effect of adding essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis in the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates in the presence of copper, zinc and nickel. The ectomycorrhizal &lt;em&gt;Pisolithus microcarpus&lt;/em&gt; (UFSC Pt 116) and &lt;em&gt;Pisolithus&lt;/em&gt; sp. (UFSC Pt 24) were incubated in liquid culture medium in the presence of increasing concentrations of copper, zinc and nickel and essential oil of &lt;em&gt;Eucalyptus grandis&lt;/em&gt; at a concentration of 20 μL L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. After an incubation period of 25 days, we estimated the dry mass of mycelium and concentration that inhibited fungal growth by 50%. At concentrations of copper, zinc and nickel above of 3.94, 1.57 and 0.85 mmol L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; respectively, no increase was observed in the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates evaluated by the addition of essential oil. The presence of essential oil of &lt;em&gt;E. grandis&lt;/em&gt; at a concentration of 20 μL L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; in liquid culture medium increased the tolerance of ectomycorrhizal isolates UFSC Pt 116 and Pt 24 UFSC to the heavy metals copper, zinc and nickel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.67.227&lt;/p&gt