ПІДХОДИ ДО ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ДОШКІЛЬНИХ ПЕДАГОГІВ У ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОМУ КОНТЕКСТІ: ДОСВІД КРАЇН ЗАХІДНОЇ ЄВРОПИ

MELNYK Nataliya – PhD of Pedagogical Sciences, associate professor of Preschool Education Department, Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Bulvarno-Kudriavska str., 18/2, Kyiv, 04053, Ukraine ([email protected])ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6641-0649ResearcherID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/P-4598-2016DOI: https://doi.org/10.24919/2313-2094.6/38.121432To cite this article: Melnyk, N. (2018). Pidkhody do profesiinoi pidhotovky doshkilnykh pedahohiv u yevropeiskomu konteksti: dosvid krain Zakhidnoi Yevropy [Approaches to preschool teachersʼ professional training in the European context: experience of Western European countries]. Liudynoznavchi studii. Seriia «Pedahohika» – Human Studies. Series of «Pedagogy», 6/38, 229–243. doi: 10.24919/2313-2094.6/38.121432 [in Ukrainian].Article historyReceived: 16 October 2017Received in revised form: 12 December 2017Accepted: 15 February 2018Available online: 5 April 2018 Abstract. This article analyzes scientific approaches of the professional training of pre-school teachers in the European educational space. The author analyzes theoretical principles of formation of each of the known today approaches, determines the peculiarities of their manifestation in professional pedagogical preparation, describes the historical aspects of the formation of each individual approach; specifies the factors that influenced this process. The functional analysis of the main scientific paradigms, their mutual influence, the author analyzes the relationship between the paradigms of pre-school teachers’ professional training and scientific approaches, which served as indicators of the manifestation of these paradigmatic principles is presented in the article.In general, the conceptual foundations of modern preschool teachers’ professional training in European countries are conditioned by the comprehensive goal of pedagogical education: the preparation of a highly skilled competent teacher capable of responding to the rapidly changing demands of the society, able to flexibly act and qualitatively solve pedagogical problems arising in professional activities, to provide quality education for preschool children, to help preserve their mental, physical and spiritual health and harmonious comprehensive solutions.The author determines that a common conceptual trend is the transition to pragmatically based scientific approaches. In Great Britain there was a gradual transition from individualism through idealism, behaviorism to pragmatic vocational education; in France, approaches based on social interaction are formed from idealism to pragmatism; in Germany there is a sharp reorientation from the quadrant of idealistic and behaviorist-based approaches to the quadrant of pragmatically, individualist-based approaches. Each quadrant has its own qualities and characteristics. Thus, the first one (individualist-idealist) puts the personality of a teacher in the center of professional education; the second (idealistic-behavioral and social interaction) focuses on the formation of common values, integration, self-control, inclusion; for the third (behavioral, social interaction, and pragmatic), training is essential, based on collective cognition and responsibility, social orientation of preparation, preparation for education in the «society of knowledge» and continuing education; in the fourth quadrant, the priority is the formation of personal value orientations that are designed to provide a comfortable and rationally grounded interaction in the society.The author summarizes that the multi-vector of paradigmatic principles and concepts predetermine the existence of a wide range of scientific approaches that conceptualize professional training and promote its quality. Among the priority scientific approaches, the traditional group is: humanistic; cultural; competency, in the context of which technological, informational-communicative and informational-communication, practical and research-oriented approaches, modular concept connected with the integrated approach are implemented. Among the innovative new paradigmatic principles, the concept of vocational training based on social interaction is characterized, which implements a dialogic approach based on the concept of «knowledge sharing» and the cultural approach, coach approach, flash approach; Griffith approach.  Acknowledgments. Sincere thanks to librarian staff at National Parliamentary Library of Ukraine, in particular Valentyna Kononenko.Funding. The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.МЕЛЬНИК Наталія – кандидат педагогічних наук, доцент кафедри дошкільної освіти, Київський університет імені Бориса Грінченка, вул. Бульварно-Кудрявська, 18/2, Київ, 04053, Україна ([email protected])ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6641-0649ResearcherID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/P-4598-2016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24919/2313-2094.6/38.121432Бібліографічний опис статті: Мельник, Н. (2018). Підходи до професійної підготовки дошкільних педагогів у європейському контексті: досвід країн Західної Європи. Людинознавчі студії: зб. наук. праць ДДПУ імені Івана Франка. Серія «Педагогіка», 6/38, 229–243. doi: 10.24919/2313-2094.6/38.121432.Історія статтіОдержано: 16 жовтня 2017Прорецензовано: 12 грудня 2017Подано до редакції: 15 лютого 2018Доступ он-лайн: 5 квітня 2018 Анотація. У статті здійснено аналіз наукових підходів професійної підготовки дошкільних педагогів у європейському освітньому просторі. Автором проаналізовані теоретичні засади формування кожного з відомих на сучасному етапі підходів, визначено особливості його прояву у професійній педагогічній підготовці, охарактеризовано історичні аспекти формування певного підходу, конкретизовано чинники, що впливали на цей процес. У статті також здійснено функціональний аналіз основних наукових парадигм, виявлено їх взаємовплив, проаналізовано взаємозвʼязок між парадигмами професійної підготовки дошкільних педагогів та наукових підходів, які виступали індикаторами прояву цих парадигмальних засад. Автором визначено провідні тенденції розвитку концептуальних засад професійної підготовки кадрів дошкільної галузі на прикладі країн Західної Європи, представлено їх схематичний рух від ідеалізму, через біхевіоризм, прагматизм до індивідуалізму

Impact of the antidepressant venlafaxine on the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis function in rainbow trout

Over the recent years, venlafaxine has become the predominant antidepressant drug detected in municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE) and aquatic systems. However, very little is known about the effect of this drug in the aquatic environment on non-target organisms, including fish. Venlafaxine is a pharmaceutical compound designed to inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, thereby increasing the synaptic availability of these neurotransmitters. In teleosts, the key aspect of stress adaptation involves the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis, leading to the production of cortisol. Given that monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) are involved in the regulation of a wide range of neuroendocrine responses, including stress axis function, my primary hypothesis was that venlafaxine acts as a neuroendocrine disruptor impacting the functioning of the corticosteroid stress axis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This hypothesis was tested through a series of in vivo exposure studies, as well as in vitro experiments, using environmentally relevant levels of venlafaxine, in order to tease out potential mode of action of this drug on target tissues involved in HPI axis functioning. The results suggest that venlafaxine alters monoamine neurotransmitter levels and their turnover rates in a region-specific manner in trout brain, and that the midbrain is the prime target. The monoamine changes may be responsible for the downstream effects on neuroendocrine responses coordinated in the hypothalamus, as this region receives monoaminergic inputs from the midbrain. The functional relevance of the above finding was confirmed by showing that venlafaxine exposure disrupted the neuroendocrine responses associated with social stress and appetite regulation. Functional downstream effects of HPI axis dysfunction were further confirmed by subjecting the fish to a handling disturbance, which revealed that the highly conserved cortisol and glucose responses to stressors were disrupted by venlafaxine. Also, there were tissue-specific effects of venlafaxine exposure on metabolic capacities, including enhanced gluconeogenesis and amino acid catabolism in the liver (a key glucose producing tissue), and alterations in the glycolytic capacity and sodium potassium ATPase activity in the gill (a key glucose utilizing tissue). The results suggest that the mode of action of venlafaxine may involve disruption of each target tissue involved in the HPI axis functioning. In vitro mechanistic studies indicated that hypothalamus functioning is disrupted by venlafaxine and this may involve effects mediated by serotonergic pathways. The reduced phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) suggests that venlafaxine may impact downstream signalling cascades that are CREB-dependent. The transcript changes observed with venlafaxine in the hypothalamus include changes in mRNA levels of key genes involved in appetite regulation and stress response, including corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). At the pituitary level, venlafaxine impaired adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, and this involved disruption of corticotropin releasing factor-receptor type 1 (CRF-R1), which is a key sensor for CRF stimulation. At the interrenal tissue level, the responsiveness of steroidogenic cells to ACTH stimulation was altered by venlafaxine and the mode of action appears to involve pathways upstream of the intracellular cAMP production. Also, cortisol biosynthetic capacity was disrupted by venlafaxine and this was accompanied by changes in transcript abundances of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage in the interrenal tissue. Taken together, the results demonstrate for the first time that the antidepressant venlafaxine, a human pharmaceutical contaminating aquatic systems, disrupts neuroendocrine responses and affects stress, feeding and metabolic responses in rainbow trout. The mode of action may include disruptions in brain monoamine levels and pathways involved in CREB signalling, while the exact mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. Exposure of fish to this pharmaceutical drug adversely affects the highly conserved adaptive responses that are essential to cope with subsequent stressors, and may translate into reduced fitness over the long-term. The findings underscore the necessity to understand the mechanisms of action of chemicals present in MWWE, and develop and utilize effective risk management strategies aimed at minimizing discharge of pharmaceuticals into the aquatic environment.4 month

Human Rights and Current Discriminatory Manifestations (on the Example of Age Discrimination in the Social and Communicative Sphere)

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of counteracting human rights violations due to age discrimination in the social and communicative sphere to identify problematic aspects of this discrimination; to study current changes in connection with the pandemic threat and generalize a set of legal guarantees to prevent and counteract inappropriate legal policy in this area. The research is based on a humanistic approach, which determines the individual value criterion of the research methodology and is manifested through the ideology of anthropocentrism; a complementary approach to scientific research and a balanced combination of national and international state-building and law-making principles. A comparative legal method was used, which made it possible to summarize the legal requirements of various states, including the United Arab Emirates, Great Britain, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Colombia, on measures to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical and information reports of the European Union countries, monitoring of the Equality Representatives of individual countries (Serbia, Lithuania), analytical data, government decisions and practical cases were used

A GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE TURNOVER BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EU

Determining the conditions for further liberalization and the reality of long-term and effective trade and economic cooperation of Ukraine with the EU countries requires assessing the strength and probability of the influence of institutional factors. The possibility of taking into account the significance of institutional factors in the development of foreign trade relations creates a gravity modelling. Determination of gravitational principles of foreign trade actualizes the problem of developing the gravity model, which takes into account impact of institutional factors, contains the necessary and sufficient number of factors, and may be tested for adequacy based on statistical data. The purpose of the paper is to construct the gravity model taking into account the institutional conditions of trade and its empirical verification on the example of trade turnover between Ukraine and the EU. Methodology. Methods of statistical analysis and econometric modelling were used for constructing the gravity model, estimating its statistical significance and predictive ability. In the article, the necessity of taking into account the influence of institutional factors on the formation of the competitive status of the country in the sphere of international trade is substantiated. It is proved that, in conditions of increasing the contradictory nature of trade relations, the role of institutional gravity factors in foreign trade between states increases. The result of the article is the gravity model with such explanatory factors, as the gross domestic product of trade partners in purchasing power parity and the complex characteristic of “trade distance” between countries as an indicator of the influence of institutional factors on foreign trade relations. As a conclusion, it may be noted that the model is statistically significant, adequately describes the input data. The proposed model takes into account the presence of institutional factors of foreign trade, whose influence on the interstate trade and economic cooperation conditions is constantly increasing. Value/originality. The proposed results can be used for modelling and forecasting of foreign trade between trading partners, taking into account the impact of specific institutional factors on their foreign trade relations

Relationships between neuro-endocrine, electrocardiogram, and gastric mucosal damage parameters in naїve and stressed rats

Introduction The first scientific publication on general adaption syndrome, or as we know today biologic stress has been published in Nature in 1936 by the 29-year old Hans Selye.1 Szabo et al2 in the anniversary review "Stress" is 80 Years Old” conclude that despite the extensive and multidisciplinary research on stress during the last 80 years, a lot of basic and clinical research is needed to better understand the manifestations, central and peripheral molecular regulators of stress response, especially the modes of prevention/management of distress or its transformation into eustress and the treatment of stress-related diseases. In the vast majority of publications on stress, the HPA-, HPG- and autonomous systems are the objects of research, while the place in the general adaptation syndrome of such important hormones as calcitonin and PTH has been studied only in a few publications. Another methodological shortcoming of most studies is that the subjects of analysis are limited to a single neuro-endocrine system. Therefore, we set ourselves the goal: to analyze relationships between some adaptation hormones, HRV, calcitonin, and PTH as well as electrocardiogram and gastric mucosal damage in naїve and post stressed rats.   Material and methods Ethics approval All animals were kept in room having temperature 22±2ºC, and relative humidity of 44-55% under 12/12 hours light and dark cycle with standard laboratory diet and water given ad libitum. Studies have been conducted in accordance with the rules and requirements of the “General Principles for the Work on Animals” approved by the I National Congress on Bioethics (Kyїv, Ukraine, 2001) and agreed with the provisions of the “European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes” (Council of Europe No 123, Strasbourg 1985), and the Law of Ukraine “On the Protection of Animals from Cruelty” of 26.02.2006. The removal of animals from the experiment was carried out under light inhalation (ether) anesthesia by decapitation. Participants  The experiment is at 38 rats Wistar line: 18 males (Weight Mean=227 g; SD=25 g) and 20 females (Mean=214 g; SD=27 g). Study design and procedure  Due to the purposeful formation of groups, the potential predictors of post-stress reactions of the neuro-endocrine-immune complex and the metabolome3,4,5 were almost identical both in mean values and, to a lesser extent, in variance (SD). In particular, the hypoxic test (sec) was: 136±59 and 133±81; swimming test (min): 19±11 and 19±17; HRV Stress index4 (units) as (AMo/2*Mo*MxDMn)1/3: 0,14±0,08 and 0,14±0,05 in intact animals and those exposed to acute stress. Results and discussion Adhering to the algorithm of the Truskavetsian Scientific School of Balneology, we recalculated the current values of the parameters in Z-scores. This approach makes it possible to adequately compare deviations from the norm of parameters expressed in different units and with different variability.10,11,12 This is all the more important in view of sexual dimorphism in endocrine parameters. In addition to drastically higher levels of testosterone (41.8±1.7 vs 3.53±0.24 nM/L), males have higher levels of calcitonin (36±6 vs 21±4 ng/L), but lower levels of parathyroid hormone (154±12 vs 185±3 ng/L), adrenals mass (44±5 vs 65±5 mg), corticosterone (340±45 vs 466±57 nM/L), and aldosterone (587±8 vs 639±24 pM/L). Conclusion  The condition of the gastric mucosa and myocardium as essential targets of stressors is determined by the damaging and protective effects of adaptive hormones and the autonomic nervous system

The Specificity of the FOXL2 c.402C>G Somatic Mutation: A Survey of Solid Tumors

A somatic mutation in the FOXL2 gene is reported to be present in almost all (97%; 86/89) morphologically defined, adult-type, granulosa-cell tumors (A-GCTs). This FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation changes a highly conserved cysteine residue to a tryptophan (p.C134W). It was also found in a minority of other ovarian malignant stromal tumors, but not in benign ovarian stromal tumors or unrelated ovarian tumors or breast cancers.Herein we studied other cancers and cell lines for the presence of this mutation. We screened DNA from 752 tumors of epithelial and mesenchymal origin and 28 ovarian cancer cell lines and 52 other cancer cell lines of varied origin. We found the FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation in an unreported A-GCT case and the A-GCT-derived cell line KGN. All other tumors and cell lines analyzed were mutation negative.In addition to proving that the KGN cell line is a useful model to study A-GCTs, these data show that the c.402C>G mutation in FOXL2 is not commonly found in a wide variety of other cancers and therefore it is likely pathognomonic for A-GCTs and closely related tumors

Economic processes in the safety measurement

The monograph covers the theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of economic security system and the determinants of its development. Special attention is paid to the influence of geoeconomic factors on the country's economic security in the conditions of globalization and the elimination of the negative impact of world crises on the economic security of Ukraine. The monograph provides a thorough analysis of the international policy of ensuring national security in the context of economic and social aspects. The problem of economic security of regions and economic entities is investigated. The monograph is intended for scientists, lecturers, civil servants, specialists, managers of enterprises and financial institutions, teachers, postgraduates, students, as well as a wide range of readers who are studying national economic security problems

deFuse: An Algorithm for Gene Fusion Discovery in Tumor RNA-Seq Data

Gene fusions created by somatic genomic rearrangements are known to play an important role in the onset and development of some cancers, such as lymphomas and sarcomas. RNA-Seq (whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing) is proving to be a useful tool for the discovery of novel gene fusions in cancer transcriptomes. However, algorithmic methods for the discovery of gene fusions using RNA-Seq data remain underdeveloped. We have developed deFuse, a novel computational method for fusion discovery in tumor RNA-Seq data. Unlike existing methods that use only unique best-hit alignments and consider only fusion boundaries at the ends of known exons, deFuse considers all alignments and all possible locations for fusion boundaries. As a result, deFuse is able to identify fusion sequences with demonstrably better sensitivity than previous approaches. To increase the specificity of our approach, we curated a list of 60 true positive and 61 true negative fusion sequences (as confirmed by RT-PCR), and have trained an adaboost classifier on 11 novel features of the sequence data. The resulting classifier has an estimated value of 0.91 for the area under the ROC curve. We have used deFuse to discover gene fusions in 40 ovarian tumor samples, one ovarian cancer cell line, and three sarcoma samples. We report herein the first gene fusions discovered in ovarian cancer. We conclude that gene fusions are not infrequent events in ovarian cancer and that these events have the potential to substantially alter the expression patterns of the genes involved; gene fusions should therefore be considered in efforts to comprehensively characterize the mutational profiles of ovarian cancer transcriptomes