The emergence of Saudi Arabian administrative areas: a study in political geography

The present study is the first effort at tracing the evolution and examining the factors involved in the emergence and delimitation of the territorial administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In the General Introduction, the geographical approach is distinguished, and data sources, their limitations and the difficulties encountered by the research student are stated. Part one is a review of the historical divisions of the area occupied at present by the Saudi state. Emphasis is laid on the traditional geographical and administrative divisions (Chapter One); the territorial administrative divisions during Egyptian and Ottoman rule (Chapter Two); and on the socio-political entities of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Chapter Three). Part Two is an examination of the authority and distribution of Saudi Arabian administrative areas. The development of central government and provincial organisations is discussed (Chapter Four). The authority, evolution and geographical distribution of the Saudi provinces, and the territorial administrative units of selected central government ministries are examined in Chapters Five, Six and Seven. The third and final part is a detailed and critical examination of one province (al-Bahah). The evolution of the province in time and space is discussed (Chapter Eight) and followed by a geographical analysis of the nature and base of district delimitation and administration (Chapter Nine). Finally, the thesis ends with some concluding remarks, containing the most significant and broad findings of the study

Experimental Investigation of Pollutants Emissions for a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Nano Fuels.

تم في هذا البحث دراسه عمليه حول تاثير اضافة حبيبات متناهيه في الصغر (حبيبات النانو) الى وقود الديزل وتاثيرها على خواصه وعلى الانبعاثات.تم استخدام نوعين من حبيبات النانو وهما اوكسيد الالمنيوم واوكسيدالتيتانيوم وباربعة تراكيزوبنسب حجميه وهي(25, 50, 100, 150) جزء واحد لكل مليون جزء وبقطر اقل من 50 نانومترعند احمال ,سرع ونسب انضغاط مختلفه وبالنسبه للانبعاثات فقد لوحظ انها انخفضت بنسب متفاوته. اول اوكسيد الكاربون كان للديزل النقي (0.0167) وانخفضت بنسبة %40 و% 46(ديزل+ اوكسيد الالمنيوم) و(ديزل +اوكسيد االتيتانيوم) على االتوالي واما بالنسبه لثاني اوكسيد الكاربون كان هناك زيادة بنسبة %6.7 و%8 (ديزل +اوكسيد التيتانيوم) و(ديزل+اوكسيد الالمنيوم) على التوالي وعند تركيز 25 وحمل %75. اوكسيد النتروجين فانه زاد في حالة (ديزل+اوكسيد الالمنيوم) من1013 الى 1055 ولكن في حالة (ديزل+اوكسيد التيتانيوم) قل من1013 الى 906 عند الحمل الكامل وتركيز25.وقل الدخان مع (ديزل+اوكسيد الالمنيوم) بنسبة %28 ومع (ديزل+اوكسيد التيتانيوم) بنسبة %25 عند نفس الظروف.اما فيما يخص الهايدروكاربونات الغير محترقه زادت مع (ديزل+اوكسيد الالمنيوم) وقلت مع (ديزل+اوكسيد التيتانيوم) الى %8 عند نفس الظروف.This experimental work aims to examine the effect of nanoparticles added to diesel fuel on engine emission characteristic. Nano fuels are prepared by adding Al2O3 or TiO2, both with particle size less 45nm to diesel fuel. Four doses for each type namely (25, 50, 100 and 150) ppm are prepared. These nanoparticles are blended with diesel fuel in varying volume fraction by the means of an electric mixer and an ultrasonicator (JTS-1018). Their stability characteristics were analyzed under static conditions. The Nano fuels are (DF+Al2O3) and (DF+TiO2). The study shows that the addition of nanoparticles to diesel fuel improves in physical properties such as cetane number where it increases from 51.6 to 54.3 for Al2O3 at 150ppm. Also Comparisons of fuel properties without and with nanoparticles additives (Al2O3 and TiO2) are presented. The influence of nanoparticles addition is very clear on the emission characteristics. The results show that the Al2O3 and TiO2 reduce the CO emission by 34% and 25% respectively at 75% load and 25ppm. The NOx emission is increased with Al2O3 by 4.12% at 25ppm and full load, but with the TiO2 is decreased by 10.56% at same operating conditions. The reduction of smoke opacity with Al2O3 and TiO2 is 28% and 25% respectively

Comparison Between Endoscopic Sclerotherapy and Band Ligation for Haemostasis of Variceal Bleeding at National Centre for Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, IbnSina Specialized Hospital – Khartoum

The objective of this hospital-based  and prospective study was to compare the outcome of endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and band ligation regarding early and late rebleeding. Oesophagealvariceal bleeding is the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage. Patients with oesophageal variceal bleeding have higher rates of rebleeding, complications, and death than patients with non-variceal bleeding such as ulcer bleeding(1). Between the year Dec. 2016 –Apr. 2017 a total of 140 patients were reviewed. Variables selected for the study included: intervention type: whether it was sclerotherapy or banding , OGD findings at presentation, presence of shock upon presentation, duration of having the disease before the intervention and outcome of each procedure . Males were (110) females (40). The Majority of patients presented with hematemesis and melena (74.28  %), hematemesis alone  occurred in (28.57%) and melena alone in ( 7.14%) of patients. All patients were diagnosed as portal hypertension due to PPF (Belharziasis) and most of them were from Gezira State.  Most of the patients  had portal hypertension  for more than two years (41.4%). Sixty patients presented with different stages of shock (42.9%).Sengestaken tube was used to control bleeding in (5%) of patients. On the other hand 79.4% of patients received blood during resuscitation. Regarding OGD findings, nearly all patients were found to have OV alone (97.6). Previously only six patients underwent splenectomy, three between 1-2 years, one before five years and one in less than one year. Of the 140 patients (49.3%) were treated with Sclerotherapy and (50.7%) underwent band ligation. With regard to rebleeding, of those who were treated with Sclerotherapy, (14.49%) of patients rebled early, (26.09%) rebled late, (49.28%) did not rebleed and seven patients lost their follow up. Comparing to Sclerotherapy, re bleeding in band ligation were found early in(15.95%), ( 23.19%) presented as late, (57.97%) did not rebled and two patients lost the follow up.. In conclusion: Treatment of oesophageal variceal bleeding with band ligation has lower rates of re-bleeding. Chronicity of portal hypertension appears to be a significant risk factor for re-bleeding after both procedures

Facial herpes zoster infection precipitated by surgical manipulation of the trigeminal nerve during exploration of the posterior fossa: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>We present a case of herpes zoster infection (shingles) precipitated by surgical manipulation of the trigeminal nerve root during an attempted microvascular decompression procedure. The pathogenesis of this phenomenon, as well as the importance and role of prophylactic acyclovir in its management, are discussed.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 54-year-old Caucasian man with a classical long-standing left-sided V2 and V3 division primary trigeminal neuralgia refractory to medical management, underwent posterior fossa exploration for microvascular decompression via a standard retromastoid craniectomy. The patient had immediate and complete relief from pain. Three days after the operation, he developed severely painful vesicles with V2 and V3 dermatomal distribution. Rather than the classical paroxysmal, lancinating type of trigeminal neuralgia, the pain experienced by the patient was of a constant burning nature. A clinical diagnosis of herpes zoster (shingles) was made after smear confirmation from microbiological testing. The patient was commenced on antiviral treatment with acyclovir. His vesicular rash and pain gradually subsided over the next two weeks. He remains asymptomatic one year later.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Postoperative shingles precipitated by trigeminal nerve manipulation during surgery for trigeminal neuralgia can be a distressing and demoralizing experience for the patient. A careful preoperative history, early recognition, and prompt antiviral therapy is necessary.</p

Focal Mechanism Analyses of the 1993, 1995 Northern red Sea Sequences Activity

On August 3rd, 1993, a sequence of earthquakes began in the central part of the Gulf of Aqaba, northern Red Sea at the Aragonese Deep. The largest event (MD = 5.5) on August 3rd had an origin time of 12:42:43.22 GMT, a latitude of 28.628° N and longitude 34.644° E. This event was followed by more than 15000 events greater than 2 magnitude with some felt earthquakes. On the same spot, another sequence of earthquakes began late 1995. The largest event (MD = 5.9) on November 22 had an origin time of 04:15:12.30 GMT, a latitude of 28.8° N and longitude 34.7° E. This event was followed by more than 8000 aftershocks (1.5 D° N – 29.3° N and 34.6° E – 34.9° E. Focal mechanism were investigated by using data set obtained from the Seismic Network of the Seismic Studies Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and the National Seismic Network at Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics Researches, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. The data set included P-wave first motions of significant earthquake activity in this sequences mainly. A total of 67 events was selected for focal mechanism analysis. The P-wave data from the surrounding seismic networks were also utilized additionally. The structural picture revealed fi-om the focal mechanism solutions shows that the area in general characterized by strike-slip and dip-slip faulting. The mechanism of the first consistent with left-lateral strike-slip on N-NE trending faults of the Dead Sea Transform System. The second consistent with normal faults that generally trend E-W. The main objective of this work is to study the focal mechanism of the recent Northern Red Sea sequences of August 1993 and November 1995 and to associate these sequences with faulting types that were found before using different methods

Crew Motion and the Dynamic Environment of Spaceborne Experiments

Analytical study of crew motion on dynamic environment of orbiting laboratorie

In vitro antimicrobial activity of fermented spices and Capsicum Frutescens against multi drug resistance clinical isolate and standard reference bacteria

Introduction: Food preservation is required to maintain for a long period of time. Traditional organic food preservative, “Datta” is spice mainly made up of Chili Peppers which frequently used in southern and western part of Ethiopia. Datta can be consumed almost with every kind of foods and it is believed as appetizer and antimicrobial agent against food borne pathogen. This study aimed to assess in vitro antimicrobial activity of fermented condiment and Capsicum frutescens against multi drug resistance clinical isolate and standard reference bacteria.Method: Datta samples collected from different level hotels and Capsicum frutescens (Chili peppers) were extractedin different solvents.Agar well diffusion assay was used to determine antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by tube dilution method. One way analysis of variant was used in comparison of the finding.Results: Extracted fermented condiment (Datta) sample and Chili Pepper showed antimicrobial activities against multidrug resistant clinical isolate and standard reference bacteria in well diffusion assay. Datta extract showed MIC ranged from 25 mg/L to 66.7 mg/L and MBC ranged from 25 mg/L to 100 mg/L. The Datta and Chili pepper extracts showed high antimicrobial activities against standard Staphylococcus aureus. The water based extract of Datta sample were exhibited significantly low antimicrobial activities (P=0.000) as compared to the other extraction solvents.Conclusion: Water was weak extractor of active compounds having antimicrobial activities. Reference S. aureuswasmore susceptible organism while ATCC Salmonella enteritidis and clinical isolated multi-drug resistant E. coli less susceptible. The traditional use of fermented condiment for food preservation by the local people is supported by this study.Key words: Antimicrobial activity; Chili Pepper extract; Fermented condiment; Minimum bactericidal concentration; Minimum inhibition contractionActivite antimicrobienne en vitro d'epices fermentees et de fruits de capsicume pour la resistance aux medicaments isolate clinique et bacteries de reference standardIntroduction: La conservation des aliments est nécessaire pour maintenir pendant une longue période de temps. Conservateur de nourriture organiqu et raditionnel, "Datta" est l'épicé compose principalement de Chili Peppers qui fréquemment utilize dans le sud et l'ouest de l'Ethiopie. Datta peu têtre consommé presque avec toutes sortes d'aliments et on le croit comme un apéritif et un agent antimicrobien contre l'agent pathogène alimentaire. Cette etude visait à évaluer l'activité antimicrobienne in vitro du condiment fermenté et Capsicum frutescens contre l'isolement clinique de résistance aux médicaments multiples et les bactéries de référence standard.Méthode: Les échantillons de Datta prélevés dans des hôtels de différents niveaux et Capsicum frutescens (Chili Peppers) ont été extraits dans différents solvants. Un dosage de diffusion de puits a été utilisé pour determiner l'activité antimicrobienne et la concentration inhibitrice minimale (MIC) et la concentration bactericide minimale a été determine par la méthode de dilution du tube. Une analyse à sens unique de la variante a été utilisée en comparaison de la découverte.Résultats: L'échantillon extrait de condiments fermentés (Datta) et Chili Pepper ont montré des activités antimicrobiennes contre l'isolement Clinique résistant aux médicaments multiples et les bactéries de référence standard dans le dosage par diffusion de puits. L'extrait de Datta a montréque le MIC variait de 25 mg / L à 66,7 mg / L et le MBC variait de 25 mg / L à 100 mg / L. Les extraits de poisson de Datta et de Chili ont montré des activités antimicrobiennes élevées contre Staphylococcus aureus standard. L'extrait à base d'eau de l'échantillon de Datta a montré des activités antimicrobiennes significativement faibles (P = 0,000) par rapport aux autres solvants d'extraction.Conclusion: L'eauétaitun extracteur faible de composes actifs ayant des activités antimicrobiennes. Référence S. aureus était un organisme plus susceptible tandisque ATCC Salmonella enteritidis et E.coli. E. coli résistant aux médicaments multiples isolés était moins susceptible. L'utilisation traditionnelle du condiment fermenté pour la conservation des aliments par les populations locales est soutenue par cette étude.Mots clés: Activitéantimicrobienne; Extrait de poivre de piment; Condiment fermenté; Concentration bactéricide minimum; Contraction minimaled'inhibitio

Identifying Patterns of Breast Cancer Genetic Signatures using Unsupervised Machine Learning

Deploying machine learning to improve medical diagnosis is a promising area. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze unique genetic signatures for breast cancer grades using publicly available gene expression microarray data. The classification of cancer types is based on unsupervised feature learning. Unsupervised clustering use matrix algebra based on similarity measures which made it suitable for analyzing gene expression. The main advantage of the proposed approach is the ability to use gene expression data from different grades of breast cancer to generate features that automatically identify and enhance the cancer diagnosis. In this paper, we tested different similarity measures in order to find the best way that identifies the sets of genes with a common function using expression microarray data