Quelques conséquences sociales des programmes d'ajustement structurel

Cet article n'a pas pour objectif de critiquer les programmes d'ajustement structurel ni d'en évaluer l'efficacité. Nous essaierons plutôt, dans ces pages, de mettre en évidence certaines de leurs conséquences sociales, ce qui suppose de définir les divers domaines qu'ils couvrent et de comprendre clairement leur interaction à la lumière des spécificités de chaque domaine. À cet effet, nous classerons les politiques d'ajustement en trois catégories, chacune pouvant être associée à un impact d..

The Nexus of Regional Poverty and Education in Egypt: A Micro Analysis

The poverty pattern has changed from an urban/ rural pattern to a geographical/regional pattern. These changes may be explained by several aspects. The employment aspect is one of the main determinants for socioeconomic status. The inability of household members to participate in income-generating activities is considered an important explanation of poverty trends and the relationship between poverty and employment can be explained by the loss of earnings or the decline in real incomes. This can be related to several aspects, pattern of jobs and its regularity, human resource development indicators and investment indicators. The objective of this paper is to understand the changes in poverty levels in Egypt in total and by region by studying their relationship to regional composition and trends of employment and educational characteristics. The study starts a theoretical review about poverty and employment, which will constitute the basis for the micro level analysis in order to propose a framework for a pro-poor employment strategy. Keywords: Regional Poverty; Education; Egypt; Investment in Schooling JEL Classifications: H75, I20, I3

Investigating the Impact of Changing the Usage Type of Existing Structure Using BIM

Many real estate owners change the building in terms of the type of usage in response to changes in economic conditions and the requirements of the surrounding environment to get the best potential financial return. To investigate the possibilities of changing the real estate's usage, the owners of these existing structures turned to feasibility study experts for assistance in making the optimum alternatives. So, they need an integrated model between VE and BIM, especially applicable to an existing structure, to determine the optimum usage type for the existing structure. Value Engineering (VE) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) must be connected to profit from both outputs simultaneously. Previous studies only investigated the VE alternatives during the design phase; when they decided to reduce project costs by using construction materials alternatives, they ignored existing structure alternatives significantly when changing the usage type. This study attempts to provide an integrated model between VE and BIM that can be applied to the existing structure to assist in determining the best alternative in terms of the type of usage for such existing structures by conducting BIM methodology such as a feasibility study, including BIM software such as Revit and Primavera. A feasibility study that contains the bank rate of interest. As a result, the maximum financial return is obtained based on predetermined criteria and in compliance with decision-making requirements. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-08-06 Full Text: PD

The Role of PCR in the Diagnosis of Dermatophytes in Onychomycosis

Background:  Onychomycosis is a critical medical problem. This fungal infection of the nails leads to disfigurement, pain and impaired quality of life.  Given that it requires long-term expensive therapy; a proper diagnosis of this infection is greatly demanded.  Hence, study aimed at investigating the different laboratory methods used in the identification of dermatophytes implicated in onychomycosis including conventional laboratory methods (KOH preparation), Culture and PCR (multiplex). Subjects and Methods: This cross-section study included sixty-one (61) patients [ 82% females and 18% males]. All collected samples were investigated using microscopic examination and cultivation of samples. In addition, DNA extraction and PCR amplification were evaluated. Results: Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis(DLSO) was the most common clinical types of onychomycosis represented 70 % of total cases. Pain was the most common presenting symptoms. Among the studied group, the most common fungal infections encountered were chronic paronychia, tinea pads and tinea manum (37.7%, 16.4%, and 8.2%) respectively. The 67.2% of the studied group by PCR were +ve, by culture 60.7% were +ve and finally, 73.8% were +ve by direct smear. The sensitivity of PCR in the diagnosis of lesions was 100% specificity was 83.3% and accuracy was 93.4%. Conclusion: The dermatophyte responsible for a majority of cases of onychomycosis. However, the role of NDMs should not be ignored and this may be now a consideration in evaluating and treating onychomycosis. PCR is highly sensitive methods for diagnosis of fungal infection. The application of PCR technology directly to the clinical specimens will allow early and accurate diagnosis of onychomycosis. This will permit prompt and targeted initiation of antifungal therapy. So, it is recommended to be used in the rapid diagnosis of onychomycosis. &nbsp

Развитие человеческого капитала, социальная интеграция и новая экономическая зона Суэцкого канала

Creating society for all individuals by social inclusion is the best way to fight poverty and social exclusion. The construction of socially inclusive communities should be supported and encouraged by all partners in society not only the government. Thus, societies should create partnerships among all actors. These partnerships should promote complementary strategies for change, addressing the broad range of economic, social and environmental policies. It is time for economic zones to play their part in achieving social inclusion and sustainable development. Special Economic Zones are known for supporting the strategy of economic reform, decreasing the unemployment ratio and attracting new investments. The paper aims to propose design elements for creating socially inclusive Suez Canal Economic Zone. For this purpose, we introduced essential strategies of building an inclusive society. Moreover, we analysed inclusive growth indicators and the main characteristics of firms and workers in the Suez Canal Zone. The results include attracting foreign direct investment and increasing exports, achieving sustainable and inclusive green strategies that encompassing exports and investment creation, enabling capacity building, generating employment opportunities, assuring trickling down effect and creating linkages with the local economy to improve socio-economic conditions and eliminating regional disparities.Создание общества для всех с помощью социальной интеграции лучший способ борьбы с бедностью и социальной изоляцией, который должно поддерживать не только правительство, но и сами члены общества. Непременным элементом социальной интеграции являются партнерские отношения между всеми участниками. Партнерам необходимо продвигать дополнительные стратегии изменений, охватывающих широкий спектр проблем экономической, социальной и экологической политики. В настоящее время важную роль в достижении социальной интеграции и устойчивого развития играют экономические зоны, создание которых способствует проведению экономических реформ, снижению уровня безработицы и привлечению новых инвестиций. В настоящей статье описаны элементы, необходимые для создания социально-интегрированной экономической зоны Суэцкого канала, а также представлены основные стратегии построения социально-интегрированного общества. Проанализированы показатели инклюзивного роста и основные характеристики организаций и работников, занятых в зоне Суэцкого канала. Полученные результаты включают в себя: привлечение прямых иностранных инвестиций и рост экспорта; создание устойчивых и инклюзивных «зеленых» стратегий; создание возможностей для наращивания потенциала; обеспечение занятости и связей с региональной экономикой для улучшения социально-экономических условий и устранения региональных диспропорций

Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga Toxin Producing E. coli from Retail Meat and Humans

A total of 550 meat samples (300 minced beef and 250 chicken meat) marketed in Zagazig City, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, as well as 150 human stool samples were examined for Shiga toxin producing E. coli. Results revealed that the isolation rates of E. coli O157:H7 versus non- O157 were 1.7% versus 2.3% in minced beef, 0.8% versus 2% in chicken meat and 0.7% versus 2.7% in human stools. Other identified serotypes were including O111:H8 (25%), O26:H11 (20.8%), O55:H7 (16.7%) and O113:H21 (4.2%). Virulence associated genes were identified in E. coli serotypes, stx1 and stx2 were characterized in 16.7% and 62.5% of the isolates, while, eaeA and hlyA genes were identified in 50% and 70.8% of the examined serotypes, respectively. Genotyping of E. coli O157:H7 serotype from different sources using Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting revealed heterogenicity of the isolates, however, human and minced beef isolates were grouped in the same cluster indicating potential transmission of infection from contaminated beef to human consumers. In conclusion, ERIC-PCR is a highly discriminatory, reliable and cost-effective tool for tracing sources of infection with bacteria. Public health education and application of strict hygienic measures during slaughtering, transportation and preparation of meat are essential to minimize the risk of contamination and transmission of infection to consumer

Rapid detection of equine piroplasms using multiplex PCR and first genetic characterization of Theileria haneyi in Egypt

Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is an infectious disease caused by the hemoprotozoan parasites Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and the recently identified species T. haneyi. Hereby, we used a multiplex PCR (mPCR) targeting the 18S rRNA gene of T. equi and B. caballi for the simultaneous detection of EP in Egyptian equids and examined the presence of T. haneyi infections in Egypt. Blood samples from 155 equids (79 horses and 76 donkeys) collected from different governorates of Egypt were examined by mPCR and PCR targeting T. hayeni. The mPCR method revealed a prevalence of T. equi of 20.3% in horses and of 13.1% in donkeys and a prevalence of B. caballi of 1.2% in horses. B. caballi was not detected in donkeys in the current study. The mPCR method also detected coinfections with both species (2.5% and 1.3% in horses and donkeys, respectively). Additionally, we report the presence of T. haneyi in Egypt for the first time in 53.1% of the horse and 38.1% of the donkey tested samples. Coinfection with T. haneyi and T. equi was found in 13.5% of the samples, while infection with the three EP species was found in 1.9% of the samples.B.S.M.E, National research center, (NRC)http://www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogenspm2022Veterinary Tropical Disease

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Recent trends of Egyptian Migration

Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM)This paper highlights the recent patterns of outward migration from Egypt. After a brief historical overview, the main characteristics of Egyptians residing abroad are presented. Part of the analysis is also dedicated to the effects of emigration on the Egyptian labor market as well as on the causes prompting outward migration from the country. As to immigration patterns, the conditions of refugees and asylum seekers living in Egypt are analyzed in detail. The paper concludes with a time analysis of the social and economic impact of remittances in Egypt.Cet article se propose d’apporter un éclairage nouveau et actualisé sur les caractéristiques se rapportant au phénomène de l’émigration en partance de l’Egypte. Partant d’une brève historique, l’analyse s’attache à retranscrire les caractéristiques principales des émigrés égyptiens. L’intérêt de cette étude tient, en outre, à déterminer, et d’une part, l’impact de ce phénomène sur le marché du travail égyptien et, de l’autre, les causes motivant les migrations enregistrées en partance de l’Egypte. S’agissant des caractéristiques liées au phénomène de l’immigration, l’analyse prête une attention particulière à la condition des réfugiés et des demandeurs d’asile résidant en Egypte. L’article se penche, en dernier lieu, à l’appui d’une analyse temporelle, sur l’impact socio-économique des transferts de fonds réalisés vers l’Egypte.CARIM is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Unio