Analisis Efisiensi Organisasi Pengelola Zakat Nasional dengan Pendekatan Data Envelopment Analysis

Potensi Zakat, Infaq dan Shadaqah (ZIS) di Indonesia sangat besar dan diyakini dapat menciptakan keadilan distribusi kekayaan masyarakat. Sayangnya, dana ZIS yang berhasil dikumpulkan masih jauh dari potensi yang ada. Oleh karenanya dibutuhkan optimalisasi potensi zakat, salah satunya dengan efisiensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat efisiensi Organisasi Pengelola Zakat (OPZ) secara relatif menggunakan Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) dengan pendekatan produksi. DEA merupakan metode nonparametrik yang digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat efisiensi unit pengambil keputusan secara relatif. Metode ini mengukur rasio antara output dan input yang diperbandingkan antar OPZ yang diteliti. Variabel output yang digunakan meliputi dana terhimpun dan dana tersalurkan, sedangkan input-nya adalah biaya personalia, biaya sosialisasi dan biaya operasional lainnya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi OPZ pada tahun 2005 masih lebih baik dari tahun 2006 dan 2007 baik secara teknis (94,52%), skala (75%), dan overall (71,27%). Perhitungan terhadap 9 OPZ tahun 2007 dengan asumsi CRS, menunjukkan hanya 2 OPZ yang efisien, yakni BMM dan Bamuis BNI.Penyebab utama inefisiensi adalah dana tersalurkan dan dana terhimpun, yakni menyumbang 43,1% dan 36%. Sedangkan pengukuran dengan orientasi input menyatakan bahwa sumber inefisiensi adalah biaya operasional lain sebesar 34,9% dan biaya sosialisasi sebesar 31,1%.JEL Classification : C14, L3

The Debate Amoung Mufassir on the Meaning of Ummiy (a Comparative Approach)

The illiteracy of Prophet Muhammad always becomes academically controversy past and now. It causes some interpretation of ummiy definition. Al-Qur’an has talked about ummiy six times, in different redaction and context. It is either in singular form like ummiy or plural as ummiyyun/ummiyyin. It appears in QS. al-A’raf: 157-158, QS. ali Imran: 20/75, QS. al-Baqarah: 78, and the last QS. al-Jumu’ah: 2. In this research, the researcher will use library research. In analyzing data, researcher only focuses on discussing the verses that explain ummiy. Furthermore, researcher wants to get deeply understanding of the meaning by using method comparative (muqoronah). The purpose is to know several aspects related to like asbab al-Nuzul, munasabah ayah, vocabulary, etc. Moreover, here researcher will use the book of interpretation by three interpreters who have different era, background and method. The first one is Ibnu Katsir (1258-1286 M). He was famous as scholar of last period (mutaakhirin). In interpreting Al-Qur’an, he used tahlili method, muqarin and tafsir bil ma’tsur. Secondly is Sayyid Quthb (1906-1966M). His book—Tafsir Fi Zhilalil Qur’an—is often used as reference by scholars past and now. His ability in language and literature are the uniqueness of his book. The last is Quraish Shihab (1944). His famous interpretation in Indonesian, and so far considered as objective interpreter. From those three interpreters will make different result of term ummiy. In general, the term of ummiy in al-Qur’an has some meaning. Firstly, about the invitation of faith, missionary follows prophet. Secondly is based on definition which means no ability in reading and writing. However, it does not mean uneducated. In other side, the root of term ummiy can be ummah, which means at that time Arab people rarely can read and write. Although, prophet is called as ummiy—no ability to read and write—his ability in science and knowledge is from Allah directly. Al-Qur’an which revealed to him, which the authenticity was guided. We are required to follow the Prophet's character and the nature of the ummiy. Like hablumminallah, relationship to God, which we are required to continue always being in state of faith and keeping Aqidah. Then hablumminannas, human relations. We should always be an honest, trustworthy, keeping promises, and other goodness to fellow humans, as has been taught by Rasulullah PBUH. Both are in the field muamalah (buying and selling) and when socializing to the publi

Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Suku Bunga SBI, Exchange Rate, Ukuran Perusahaan, Debt to Equity Ratio Dan Bond Terhadap Yield Obligasi Korporasi Di Indonesia

Paper ini membahas analisis serempak pengaruh beberapa variable ekonomi seperti tingkat suku bunga SBI, exchange rate, ukuran Perusahaan, debt to equity ratio dan bond rating terhadap yield obligasi korporasi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis data panel, sehingga untuk memilih jenis model yang akan digunakan dilakukan beberapa pengujian. Pengujian awal yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah melakukan pengujian Chow-test untuk menentukan apakah metode pooled least square atau fixed effect dapat digunakan; serta pengujian Haussman-test untuk menentukan apakah metode fixed effect atau random effec dapat dipakai. Dengan memakai dua pengujian ini, kita dapatkan persamaan regresi umum pengaruh variable-variable ekonomi tersebut diatas terhadap yiel obligasi korporasi di Indonesia dengan tingkat signifikansi penerimaan yang bagus

Ad Dirasat Al Fiqhiyyah At Ta'shiliyyah Liba'dhil Fatawa Ash Shadirah Minal Hai'ah Asy Syar'iyyah Al Wataniyyah

Islamic banking and finance industry has seen significant development in recent times, as demonstrated by their ability to withstand the financial crisis facing the world today, which shows it is appropriate or option effective traditional financial and banking system variant attributed to most of the international banks, and it is proof that the financial system Islamic will stay and has a bright future to make further progress. It is worth mentioning that each Islamic financial institutions to make sure that all operations and financial products for Islamic banks in line with the requirements and principles of legitimacy established because of default in this aspect will lead to a crash of the Islamic financial institution that is based on the certainty and the confidence of customers and depositors out. But this order need and called for a formal supreme body are under the supervision and control of all Islamic financial institutions and important guidance and issuing fatwas. This research comes within the framework of attention fatwas issued by the National Shariah Board which All Islamic financial institutions in Indonesia. But the Fatwa Committee of the National Shariah Board has a method used approach in issuing advisory opinions. And summed up the research problem about: What are the milestones approach method National Shariah Board in issuing the fatwa, and the authenticity of how those opinions from where Islamic jurisprudence and its origins, and how jurisprudential academies advisory opinions or decisions of the advisory committees considered in the Muslim world agree. The research found that the National Shariah Board is committed and disciplined approach to the issuance of the fatwa, and that clearly show by signs the attractions. This study demonstrated that the fatwas issued by national legitimacy her body originality in the four mazhab Fiqih and its assets, then it is in line and consistent with the decisions of fiqh councils or commissions fatwa regarded in the Muslim world

Para-cresol production by Clostridium difficile affects microbial diversity and membrane integrity of Gram-negative bacteria

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive spore-forming anaerobe and a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Disruption of the commensal microbiota, such as through treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, is a critical precursor for colonisation by C. difficile and subsequent disease. Furthermore, failure of the gut microbiota to recover colonisation resistance can result in recurrence of infection. An unusual characteristic of C. difficile among gut bacteria is its ability to produce the bacteriostatic compound para-cresol (p-cresol) through fermentation of tyrosine. Here, we demonstrate that the ability of C. difficile to produce p-cresol in vitro provides a competitive advantage over gut bacteria including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Metabolic profiling of competitive co-cultures revealed that acetate, alanine, butyrate, isobutyrate, p-cresol and p-hydroxyphenylacetate were the main metabolites responsible for differentiating the parent strain C. difficile (630Δerm) from a defined mutant deficient in p-cresol production. Moreover, we show that the p-cresol mutant displays a fitness defect in a mouse relapse model of C. difficile infection (CDI). Analysis of the microbiome from this mouse model of CDI demonstrates that colonisation by the p-cresol mutant results in a distinctly altered intestinal microbiota, and metabolic profile, with a greater representation of Gammaproteobacteria, including the Pseudomonales and Enterobacteriales. We demonstrate that Gammaproteobacteria are susceptible to exogenous p-cresol in vitro and that there is a clear divide between bacterial Phyla and their susceptibility to p-cresol. In general, Gram-negative species were relatively sensitive to p-cresol, whereas Gram-positive species were more tolerant. This study demonstrates that production of p-cresol by C. difficile has an effect on the viability of intestinal bacteria as well as the major metabolites produced in vitro. These observations are upheld in a mouse model of CDI, in which p-cresol production affects the biodiversity of gut microbiota and faecal metabolite profiles, suggesting that p-cresol production contributes to C. difficile survival and pathogenesis.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane vesicle-associated proteolytic activity promotes bacterial invasion by mediating cleavage of intestinal epithelial cell E-cadherin and occludin.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) play an important role in the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria. Campylobacter jejuni produces OMVs that trigger IL-8, IL-6, hBD-3 and TNF-α responses from T84 intestinal epithelial cells and are cytotoxic to Caco-2 IECs and Galleria mellonella larvae. Proteomic analysis of 11168H OMVs identified the presence of three proteases, HtrA, Cj0511 and Cj1365c. In this study, 11168H OMVs were shown to possess proteolytic activity that was reduced by pretreatment with specific serine protease inhibitors. OMVs isolated from 11168H htrA, Cj0511 or Cj1365c mutants possess significantly reduced proteolytic activity. 11168H OMVs are able to cleave both E-cadherin and occludin, but this cleavage is reduced with OMVs pretreated with serine protease inhibitors and also with OMVs isolated from htrA or Cj1365c mutants. Co-incubation of T84 monolayers with 11168H OMVs results in a visible reduction in both E-cadherin and occludin. The addition of 11168H OMVs to the co-culture of live 11168H bacteria with T84 cells results in enhanced levels of bacterial adhesion and invasion in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. Further investigation of the cleavage of host cell structural proteins by C. jejuni OMVs should enhance our understanding of the interactions of this important pathogen with intestinal epithelial cells

Paul Howard Douglas, the economist.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

PEMANFAATAN INSTAGRAM SEBAGAI MEDIA KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN DIGITAL PADA [email protected]

Banyaknya pengguna internet di Indonesia yang mencapai 215,63 juta orang serta dengan konten internet yang sering diakses merupakan media sosial maka melakukan pemasaran melalui internet tepatnya di media sosial merupakan hal yang sangat tepat. Seperti yang diterapkan oleh tempat usaha temukamu whiteforest yang ingin terus memperluas komunikasi pemasarannya dengan melalui media sosial instagram. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan penelitian kualitatif yang terdiri dari wawancara dan dokumentasi. Adapun teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Difusi inovasi yang diperkenalkan oleh Everett Rogers (1962) dan konsep intergrated marketing communication yang dikembangkan oleh Schrutz (1980an). Hasil yang Peneliti dapatkan dari wawancara dengan pihak temukamu whiteforest mengenai strategi pemanfaatan instagram sebagai media komunikasi pemasaran telah menerapkan serta memenuhi lima karakteristik difusi inovasi yang digagas oleh Everett Rogers serta beberapa bentuk aktivitas intergrated marketing communication yang digagas oleh Schrutz, kelima bentuk yang digunakan tersebut yaitu advertising, sponsorship, public relation, personal selling, dan sales promotion. Terdapat satu bentuk yang tidak di gunakan yakni Sponsorship karena belum terlalu terfokus kearah tersebut. Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa strategi pemanfaatan instagram sebagai media komunikasi pemasaran memiliki peran penting dalam menjalankan suatu bisnis yang dikomunikasikan melalui media sosial instagram

On low temperature kinetic theory; spin diffusion, Bose Einstein condensates, anyons

The paper considers some typical problems for kinetic models evolving through pair-collisions at temperatures not far from absolute zero, which illustrate specific quantum behaviours. Based on these examples, a number of differences between quantum and classical Boltzmann theory is then discussed in more general terms.Comment: 25 pages, minor updates of previous versio