A GEOBIA approach for multitemporal land-cover and land-use change analysis in a Tropical Watershed in the southeastern Amazon

The southeastern Amazon region has been intensively occupied by human settlements over the past three decades. To evaluate the effects of human settlements on land-cover and land-use (LCLU) changes over time in the study site, we evaluated multitemporal Landsat images from the years 1984, 1994, 2004, 2013 and Sentinel to the year 2017. Then, we defined the LCLU classes, and a detailed “from-to” change detection approach based on a geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) was employed to determine the trajectories of the LCLU changes. Three land-cover (forest, montane savanna and water bodies) and three land-use types (pasturelands, mining and urban areas) were mapped. The overall accuracies and kappa values of the classification were higher than 0.91 for each of the classified images. Throughout the change detection period, ~47% (19,320 km2) of the forest was preserved mainly within protected areas, while almost 42% (17,398 km2) of the area was converted from forests to pasturelands. An intrinsic connection between the increase in mining activity and the expansion of urban areas also exists. The direct impacts of mining activities were more significant throughout the montane savanna areas. We concluded that the GEOBIA approach adopted in this study combines the advantages of quality human interpretation and the capacities of quantitative computing

Análise da vulnerabilidade social e avaliação de risco de inundação urbana de Itaituba-PA

A análise de vulnerabilidade socioambiental de uma dada população é de extrema importância para se compreender o processo de ocupação e desenvolvimento dessas comunidades, assim como também avaliar a quais tipos suscetibilidade de riscos e ameaças naturais elas estão sujeitas. No presente trabalho se propôs realizar a análise da vulnerabilidade social e a avaliação do risco de inundação na área urbana na cidade de Itaituba-PA. Determinou-se o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social – IVS, em 90 setores censitários que compõe a malha urbana, foram analisadas 46 variáveis, da base de informações do censo demográfico do IBGE de 2010, indexados ao Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal - IDHM e a Taxa de Dependência - TxD. Para a avaliação do risco de inundação urbana utilizou-se o Índice de Perigo Estimado de inundação - PE, foram identificados 32 pontos de inundação em 27 setores. Para representar as altitudes da superfície topográfica e identificar as áreas de maiores vulnerabilidades, usou-se o Modelo Digital de Elevação – MDE, do projeto Topodata, da área urbana. Foi recortado a área de estudo e a elaboração do mapa de risco de inundação. Para melhor apresentação dos pontos de interesse, foi adicionado ao mapa: a hipsometria do terreno, a malha dos setores censitários e curvas de níveis com equidistância de 5 metros. Observou-se nos resultados que as desigualdades sociais entre os setores estão associadas as características do local, bem como, ao baixo acesso aos serviços públicos essenciais tais como: saúde, educação, infraestrutura, segurança e transporte. Foi constatado que quanto maior for a extensão da área inundável, maior será seu índice de PE. O mapa de hipsometria, demonstrou que as áreas de inundação, apresentam cotas altimétricas inferiores a 20 metros. Observou-se que o risco e perigo estimados são potencializados ao combinar áreas de alagamentos e maior vulnerabilidade social da população. A principal contribuição deste trabalho consiste na identificação das áreas vulneráveis ao risco de inundação, utilizando uma metodologia de baixo custo e fácil aplicação, para analisar áreas de vulnerabilidade e risco de inundação na cidade de Itaituba - PA

Installation and calibration of sensors for analysis of soil humidity and temperature in eastern Amazon areas

Soil moisture and temperature are important components to improve watershed management and natural resource planning, especially in areas where water supplies are limited during dry seasons. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the installation and calibration of five sensors (Drill & Drop) as well as the consistency of the results obtained for moisture and soil temperature in areas of forest, pasture, forest-pasture transition and pasture-urban transition in the Itacaiúnas River Hydrographic Area (BHRI) in the Eastern Amazon. The results refer to the period from April to September 2019, showing different trends between forest and pasture areas. The data consistency analysis efficiently identified measurement errors, especially in the surface layer of the soil (10 cm). The Onça Puma and IFPA Rural stations had the highest percentages of error data 22.8% and 17.6%, respectively. On the other hand, these results may be associated with the environmental characteristics of the region, as well as the physical characteristics of the soil during each season. The soil temperature and humidity parameters were consistent with data from other meteorological variables (precipitation and mean air temperature) measured by sensors installed in the local hydrometeorological stations. Overall, the soil moisture and temperature measurements were obtained properly and are presented as quality data sources. Thus, it is expected that the results will contribute to enriching the availability of soil data in the IRB and encouraging the use of direct measurements given the quantity (and quality) of data obtained using this instrumentation.Soil moisture and temperature are important components to improve watershed management and natural resource planning. In that way, this article aimed to evaluate the installation and calibration of five sensors (Drill & Drop) as well as the consistency of the results obtained for moisture and soil temperature in areas of forest, pasture, forest-pasture transition, and pasture-urban transition in the Itacaiúnas River Hydrographic Area (IRB) in the Eastern Amazon. The results are from April to September 2019, showing different trends between forest and pasture areas. The data consistency analysis efficiently identified measurement errors, especially in the soil’s surface layer (10 cm). The highest percentage of error data occurred in the Onça Puma and IFPA rural stations, with 22.8% and 17.6%. On the other hand, these results may be associated with the environmental characteristics of the region, as well as the soil’s physical characteristics during each season. The soil temperature and humidity parameters were consistent with data from other meteorological variables (precipitation and mean air temperature) measured by sensors installed in the local hydrometeorological stations. Generally, the temperature and soil moisture measurements were obtained properly and are presented as quality data sources. Thus, it is expected that the results will contribute to enriching the availability of soil data in the IRB and encourage the use of direct measurements given the quantity (and quality) of data obtained using this instrumentation

Análise da dinâmica das áreas de manguezal no litoral Norte do Brasil a partir de dados multisensores e hidrossedimentológicos

The objective of this research is to analyze the dynamics of the mangrove areas in the north coast of Brazil from images of remote orbital sensors and hydrosedimentological data (flow and suspened sediment concentration). We tried to understand the existence of causality between the expansion or retraction of the mangroves with the suspened solid discharge calculated from the data of flow and suspened sediment concentration. The mangroves were mapped, using the object oriented classification technique, in the years 1975, 1996 and 2008 based on data from microwave sensors (RADAM / GEMS, JERS-1, ALOS / PALSAR). The data of fluviometric stations and sediments of the National Water Agency were used to calculate the solid discharge in suspension in the rivers Araguari, Gurupi, Pindaré, Grajaú and Mearim seeking to relate the addition and erosion in the areas of mangrove with the sedimentary load of the rivers that drain On the coast. The flow variations reflect the precipitation in the sub-basins of the analyzed rivers and presented a strong and moderate correlation with the temperature anomalies on the surface of the Pacific Ocean evidencing a relation of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena with the precipitation regimes in the Amazon. The variations of suspended sediment concentration were not related to the fluviometric variation suggesting that the annual mean oscillations are reflections of other phenomena (coverage and land use). The results show that the drainage areas of the sub-basins most impacted by the anthropic action contribute with a higher sediment load to rivers that have a higher concentration of native forest. Native vegetation contributes to containment of soil erosion and exposed soil and pasture areas are more vulnerable to soil erosion. The Gurupi, Pindaré, Grajaú and Mearim Rivers presented solid suspended load higher than or equal to the Araguari River. Analyzing the mangroves in the estuaries we noticed the addition of mangroves along the estuaries of the Gurupi and Mearim rivers (Baia de São Marcos) and the reduction of mangrove areas in the Araguari estuary. The Amazon coastal zone is subject to natural processes of great magnitude, but atrophic activities influence the natural dynamics of the region by implementing unsustainable economic practices.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorCNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoO objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a dinâmica das áreas de manguezal no litoral norte do Brasil a partir de imagens de sensores remotos orbitais e dados hidrossedimentológicos (vazão e concentração de sedimentos em suspensão). Buscamos compreender a existência de causalidade entre a expansão ou retração dos manguezais com a descarga sólida em suspensão calculada a partir de dados de vazão e concentração de sedimentos em suspensão. Os manguezais foram mapeados, utilizando a técnica de classificação orientada ao objeto, nos anos de 1975, 1996 e 2008 tendo como base dados de sensores imageadores na faixa das microondas (RADAM/GEMS; JERS-1; ALOS/PALSAR). Foram utilizados os dados de estações fluviométricas e sedimentos da Agência Nacional de Águas para calcular a descarga sólida em suspensão nos rios Araguari, Gurupi, Pindaré, Grajaú e Mearim buscando relacionar a acresção e erosão nas áreas de manguezal com a carga sedimentar dos rios que deságuam no litoral. As variações de vazão refletem a precipitação nas sub-bacias dos rios analisados e apresentaram correlação forte e moderada com as anomalias de temperatura na superfície do oceano Pacífico evidenciando uma relação dos fenômenos El Niño e La Niña com os regimes de precipitação na Amazônia. As variações de concentração de sedimentos em suspensão não apresentaram relação com a variação fluviométrica sugerindo que as oscilações médias anuais são reflexos de outros fenômenos (cobertura e uso do solo). Os resultados mostram que as áreas drenadas das sub-bacias mais impactadas pela ação antrópica contribuem com uma carga sedimentar superior a rios que possuem maior concentração de floresta nativa. A vegetação nativa contribui para a contenção da erosão do solo e as áreas de solo exposto e pastagem são mais vulneráveis a erosão dos solos. Os rios Gurupi, Pindaré, Grajaú e Mearim apresentaram carga sólida em suspensão superior ou igual ao rio Araguari. Analisando os manguezais nos estuários percebemos a acresção dos manguezais nas margens nos estuários dos rios Gurupi e Mearim (Baia de São Marcos) e a diminuição das áreas de manguezal no estuário do rio Araguari. A zona costeira amazônica está sujeita a processos naturais de grande magnitude, porém as atividades atrópicas influenciam na dinâmica natural da região ao implementar práticas econômicas ambientalmente insustentáveis

Detecção de mudanças na costa de manguezais da amazônia a partir de imagens multisensores e abordagem orientada a objetos

In recent years, the degradation of mangroves has been occurring more frequently due to plundering of their natural resources, land planning and poorly planned tourist activities. Through remote sensors can map huge areas more quickly and efficiently. This study aimed to map the distribution of mangrove areas Bay Marajó (PA) to the bay of São Jose de Ribamar (MA) in 1996 and 2008 from remote sensing data (ALOS / PALSAR, JERS-1, SRTM and LANDSAT 5 TM). To perform the classification of images was used the logic of object-oriented classification. The result of the quantification of mangroves was 6705.05 km² (1996) and 7423.60 km² (2008) which shows a net increase in mangrove area of 718.55 km². The change detection map allowed an additional total of 1931.04 km², a total erosion of 1212.49 km², remains an area of 5492.56 km² of mangrove unchanged.Pages: 3472-347

Environmental sensitivity index (ESI) mapping of oil spill in the Amazon coastal zone: The PIATAM Mar project.

Submitted by Olímpia Resque ([email protected]) on 2010-12-12T23:37:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Revista Brasileira de Geofisica 2009 v27 Supl 1 SOUZA FILHO.pdf: 1423720 bytes, checksum: 60d5b3d482be787f99f48f72bab22f8d (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Francileila Silva([email protected]) on 2010-12-13T13:15:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Revista Brasileira de Geofisica 2009 v27 Supl 1 SOUZA FILHO.pdf: 1423720 bytes, checksum: 60d5b3d482be787f99f48f72bab22f8d (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2010-12-13T13:15:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Revista Brasileira de Geofisica 2009 v27 Supl 1 SOUZA FILHO.pdf: 1423720 bytes, checksum: 60d5b3d482be787f99f48f72bab22f8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009A importância do monitoramento ambiental é medida pelos vários casos de derramamentos de óleo ocorridos no mundo durante as últimas três décadas. Isto tem incentivado as empresas e órgãos do governo envolvidos na prevenção e combate a estes acidentes a aperfeiçoarem cada vez mais os métodos, tanto preventivos como corretivos, para a minimização dos danos gerados por acidentes com derramamento de óleo. Este trabalho objetiva contextualizar de forma histórica como os acidentes com derramamento de óleo propiciaram o desenvolvimento de pesquisa tecnológica a partir de parcerias entre empresas de petróleo, agências de governo, universidades e institutos de pesquisa no Brasil, em especial na zona costeira Amazônica. Como resultado, índices de sensibilidade ambiental ao derramamento de óleo (ISA) foram definidos especialmente para a Amazônia costeira, onde processos fluviais e marinhos se encontram na foz do maior rio do mundo, o rio Amazonas. Perspectivas de pesquisa e respostas de emergência a acidentes são apresentadas, a fim de se conservar a diversidade socioambiental da mais importante região tropical do planeta

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data