Application of multi-agents to power distribution systems

The electric power system has become a very complicated network at present because of re-structuring and the penetration of distributed energy resources. In addition, due to increasing demand for power, issues such as transmission congestion have made the power system stressed. A single fault can lead to massive cascading effects, affecting the power supply and power quality. An overall solution for these issues can be obtained by a new artificial intelligent mechanism called the multi-agent system. A multi-agent system is a collection of agents, which senses the environmental changes and acts diligently on the environment in order to achieve its objectives. Due to the increasing speed and decreasing cost in communication and computation of complex matrices, multi-agent system promise to be a viable solution for today\u27s intrinsic network problems.;A multi-agent system model for fault detection and reconfiguration is presented in this thesis. These models are developed based on graph theory and mathematical programming. A mathematical model is developed to specify the objective function and the constraints.;The multi-agent models are simulated in Java Agent Development Framework and MatlabRTM and are applied to the power system model designed in the commercial software, Distributed Engineering Workstation(c) . The circuit that is used to model the power distribution system is the Circuit of the Future, developed by Southern California Edison.;The multi-agent system model can precisely detect the fault location and according to the type of fault, it reconfigures the system to supply as much load as possible by satisfying the power balance and line capacity constraints. The model is also capable of handling the assignment of load priorities.;All possible fault cases were tested and a few critical test scenarios are presented in this thesis. The results obtained were promising and were as expected

A model for cell type-specific differential gene expression during heterocyst development and the constitution of aerobic nitrogen fixation ability in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120

When deprived of combined nitrogen, aerobically-grown filaments ofAnabaena sp. strain PCC7120 differentiate specialized cells called the heterocysts. The differentiation process is an elaborate and well orchestrated programme involving sensing of environmental and developmental signals, commitment of cells to development, gene rearrangements, intricate DNA-protein interactions, and differential expression of several genes. It culminates in a physiological division of labour between heterocysts, which become the sole sites of aerobic nitrogen fixation, and vegetative cells, that provide photosynthate to the heterocysts in return for nitrogen supplies. We propose a model, to describe the chronology of the important events and to explain how cell type-specific differential gene expression is facilitated by DNA-protein interactions leading to the development of heterocysts and constitution of nitrogen-fixing apparatus in Anabaena

Steady-state and dynamic modeling of a chlor-alkali cell with oxygen depolarized cathode

Chlor-alkali electrolysis, the electrolytic splitting of NaCl solutions, is an energy intensive process. The most modern variant, the membrane electrolysis process, has been continuously improved over the last decades. Nevertheless, the average energy demand with the current state of the art of this technology is 2292 kWh/tCl2 at 6 kA/m2. Consequently, any reduction of the electrical energy demand in chlor-alkali electrolysis would be highly desirable for both economic and environmental reasons. Replacing hydrogen evolving reaction by oxygen reduction reaction can reduce the energy demand by approximately 30%. In this work mathematical models for steady and dynamic operation of an industrial scale chlor-alkali electrolysis cell with ODC are developed. The steady state model predicts the distributions of temperature, concentration, current density, and overpotential as a function of height. At an industrially relevant current density of 4 kA/m2 neither current density nor overpotentials exhibit strong variations along the cell height. Main reason for this behaviour is the uniformity of temperature distributions in the solid compartments of the cell (anode, membrane, ODC) which can be explained by efficient heat transfer between the electrodes and the electrolyte streams. This is especially true for the caustic solution, through which most of the irreversible heat released in the cell is removed. However, the temperature of the oxygen stream increases slowly along the height. Due to the initially low temperatures and the low water content of the inlet oxygen stream, the gas phase takes up considerable net amounts of water vapor. Nevertheless, the oxygen partial pressure at the electrochemically active regions of the ODC remains high allowing for efficient operation of the cathode. Operating cell at higher current requires better heat management as the heat production is performance of the electrode significantly. The dynamic model also predicts the performance of the electrode under the ripple voltage. However, Current Interruption (CI) measurements have been used to validate this model. Due to ripples, hysteresis appears even at low frequency of 100 Hz. As frequency increases the amplitudes of current oscillation reduce. No significant difference in the hysteresis can be seen after lowering the oxygen partial pressure down to 75%.CAhblsotrr-aaclkt:a li electrolysis, the electrolytic splitting of NaCl solutions, is an energy intensive process. The most modern variant, the membrane electrolysis process, has been continuously improved over the last decades. Nevertheless, the average energy demand with the current state of the art of this technology is 2292 kWh/tCl2 at 6 kA/m2. Consequently, any reduction of the electrical energy demand in chlor-alkali electrolysis would be highly desirable for both economic and environmental reasons. Replacing hydrogen evolving reaction by oxygen reduction reaction can reduce the energy demand by approximately 30%. In this work mathematical models for steady and dynamic operation of an industrial scale chlor-alkali electrolysis cell with ODC are developed. The steady state model predicts the distributions of temperature, concentration, current density, and overpotential as a function of height. At an industrially relevant current density of 4 kA/m2 neither current density nor overpotentials exhibit strong variations along the cell height. Main reason for this behaviour is the uniformity of temperature distributions in the solid compartments of the cell (anode, membrane, ODC) which can be explained by efficient heat transfer between the electrodes and the electrolyte streams. This is especially true for the caustic solution, through which most of the irreversible heat released in the cell is removed. However, the temperature of the oxygen stream increases slowly along the height. Due to the initially low temperatures and the low water content of the inlet oxygen stream, the gas phase takes up considerable net amounts of water vapor. Nevertheless, the oxygen partial pressure at the electrochemically active regions of the ODC remains high allowing for efficient operation of the cathode. Operating cell at higher current requires better heat management as the heat production is performance of the electrode significantly. The dynamic model also predicts the performance of the electrode under the ripple voltage. However, Current Interruption (CI) measurements have been used to validate this model. Due to ripples, hysteresis appears even at low frequency of 100 Hz. As frequency increases the amplitudes of current oscillation reduce. No significant difference in the hysteresis can be seen after lowering the oxygen partial pressure down to 75%

A study of hyponatremia in acute heart failure patients in predicting the acute cardio renal syndrome type 1

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute heart failure (AHF) are hemodynamicaly unstable. This condition is often accentuated by medication and multiple factors. So that they are sensitive to electrolyte disturbance. Hyponatremia worsen the both cardiac and renal function. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to detect the cause of hyponatremia in AHF patients and to investigate whether hyponatraemia, a surrogate marker of congestion and haemodilution and of neurohormonal activation, could identify patients at risk for WRF. METHODS: We studied the association between hyponatraemia (sodium, 136 mmol/L) and WRF (defined as an increase of .0.3 mg/dL in creatinine above baseline) in AHF patients. They were monitored for six months. RESULTS: Some patients with hyponatraemia on admission was improved with treatment, other are worsened with elevated creatinine after three months of monitoring .With proper electrolyte monitoring and treatment hyponatremia was corrected and creatinine became to acceptale limit on sixth months. The morbidity is decreased with sidoum correction. CONCLUSION: Hyponatraemia predicts the development of WRF in AHF patients and frequently lead to the type I CRS. These data are consistent with the concept that congestion and neurohormonal activation play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of acute cardio-renal failure

Advanced Design Architecture for Network Intrusion Detection using Data Mining and Network Performance Exploration

The primary goal of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is to identify intruders and differentiate anomalous network activity from normal one. Intrusion detection has become a significant component of network security administration due to the enormous number of attacks persistently threaten our computer networks and systems. Traditional Network IDS are limited and do not provide a comprehensive solution for these serious problems which are causing the many types security breaches and IT service impacts. They search for potential malicious abnormal activities on the network traffics; they sometimes succeed to find true network attacks and anomalies (true positive). However, in many cases, systems fail to detect malicious network behaviors (false negative) or they fire alarms when nothing wrong in the network (false positive). In accumulation, they also require extensive and meticulous manual processing and interference. Hence applying Data Mining (DM) techniques on the network traffic data is a potential solution that helps in design and develops better efficient intrusion detection systems. Data mining methods have been used build automatic intrusion detection systems. The central idea is to utilize auditing programs to extract set of features that describe each network connection or session, and apply data mining programs to learn that capture intrusive and non-intrusive behavior. In addition, Network Performance Analysis (NPA) is also an effective methodology to be applied for intrusion detection. In this research paper, we discuss DM and NPA Techniques for network intrusion detection and propose that an integration of both approaches have the potential to detect intrusions in networks more effectively and increases accuracy

A New Technique to find the effect of Active Power Loading on Voltage Stability and Algorithm to improve Voltage Stability of Radial and Meshed Power Systems

This paper will analyze the impact of active power on voltage stability of radial and meshed systems and a new algorithm is proposed which would indicate the amount and location at which the active power is to be reduced to improve the voltage stability of entire power system or set of buses that are prone to voltage instability. A new sensitivity matrix named Active Power L-Index sensitivity matrix is been proposed. The proposed approach is simple and easy to be implemented into large power systems. The proposed approach has been applied to several Indian rural distribution networks and IEEE 14-bus test system which demonstrated applicability of the proposed approach. Index Terms- L-index matrix, Jacobian matrix, sensitivity, Active Power L-Index sensitivity matri

Expression, purification and characterization of a biologically active and thermally stable human lysyl oxidase

Lysyl oxidase (LOX), a promising therapeutic target for the progression of cancer and fibrosis, has not been well characterized yet. A major difficulty faced in LOX characterization is its lack of solubility in common buffers. In this study, mature LOX (mLOX) was cloned, purified and its purity was ascertained by mass spectroscopy. Through screening various buffers, 0.2 M glycine-NaOH buffer with 10% glycerol pH 8.0 was identified to maintain mLOX in its soluble state. About 67% of the refolded mLOX was found to be in copper bound state after His-tag removal. Catalytic properties Km and kcat were found to be 3.72 × 10−4 M and 7.29 ×103s−1. In addition, collagen cross-linking in ARPE-19 cells was augmented on exposure to mLOX, endorsing its biological activity. Circular Dichroism revealed that mLOX comprises 8.43% of α-helix and 22% of β-strand and it was thermally stable up to 90°C. Disulfide linkage imparts the structural stability in LOX which was experimentally ascertained with intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence studies

Lead biosorption onto waste beer yeast by-product, a means to decontaminate effluent generated from battery manufacturing industry

This paper projects the potential of waste beer yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in biosorbing lead from battery manufacturing industrial effluent. Experiments were carried out as a function of pH, biosorbent concentration, lead concentration and agitation speed. Specific lead uptake of 2.34 mg/g was recorded and the data gave good fits for Freundlich and Langmuir models with Kf and Qmax values of 0.5149 and 55.71 mg/g. The roles played by amines, carboxylic acids, phosphates, sulfhydryl group and lipids in lead biosorption were studied. Electrostatic attraction may be the mechanism of biosorption. The extent of contribution of the functional groups and lipids to lead biosorption was in the order: carboxylic acids > lipids > amines > phosphates. Blocking of sulfhydryl group did not have any significant effect on lead uptake

Integrated management of Ramularia blight (Ramularia foeniculi ) in fennel

Ramularia blight, caused by Ramularia foeniculi Sybille’s a highly destructive fennel disease and may cause complete failure of the crop. The use of chemicals especially mancozeb to manage Ramularia blight increases the load of residues in seed and reduces the export and market price. Removal of lower yellow leaves would not only help in reducing the load of Ramularia pathogen but, also increase the aeration in fennel crop. To manage this disease, field trial was conducted for three consecutive kharif seasons (2017-18, 2018-19 & 2019-20) with agronomical practices i.e. removal of lower yellow leaves at different stages and different spraying schedules of chlorothalonil 75WP. Removal of lower yellow leaves at 50 % flowering stage and grain filling stage with two sprays of chlorothalonil 75WP @ 0.15% (20 g/ 10 lit. water) first spray at just appearance of disease and second spray at15 days after first spray was found effective not only in terms of management of disease (10.91 % disease incidence), yield (2078 kg/ha) and quality aspects but also reduced the load of fungicide on seed which promote the export. Thus, limited use (2 sprays) of chlorothalonil with the removal of lower yellow leaves helps to meet out the quality standards for export promotion with respect to residual limits in the said commodity

Imidacloprid impedes mitochondrial function and induces oxidative stress in cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera larvae (Hubner: Noctuidae)

Neonicotinoids have high agonistic affinity to insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and are frequently used as insecticides against most devastating lepidopteran insect pests. Imidacloprid influenced dose-dependent decline in the state III and IV respiration, respiration control index (RCI), and P/O ratios, in vitro and in vivo. The bioassay indicated its LD50 value to be 531.24 μM. The insecticide exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition on F0F1-ATPase and complex IV activity. At 600 μM, the insecticide inhibited 83.62 and 27.13% of F0F1-ATPase and complex IV activity, respectively, and induced the release of 0.26 nmoles/min/mg protein of cytochrome c. A significant dose- and time-dependent increase in oxidative stress was observed; at 600 μM, the insecticide correspondingly induced lipid peroxidation, LDH activity, and accumulation of H2O2 content by 83.33, 31.51 and 223.66%. The stress was the maximum at 48 h of insecticide treatment (91.58, 35.28, and 189.80%, respectively). In contrast, catalase and superoxide dismutase were reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner in imidacloprid-fed larvae. The results therefore suggest that imidacloprid impedes mitochondrial function and induces oxidative stress in H. armigera, which contributes to reduced growth of the larvae along with its neurotoxic effect