14 research outputs found

    Growth and lipid class composition of the Arctic pelagic amphipod Themisto libellula

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    Carnivorous zooplankton is a key element to the energy transfer through the arctic food web, linking lipid rich herbivores to the top predators. We investigated the growth and lipid dynamic of the Arctic pelagic amphipod Themisto libellula in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, 79°N) from May to October 2007. Additional samplings were performed in spring and summer 2006 and further north in Rijpfjorden (80°N), in September 2006 and 2007. In Kongsfjorden, the first free-swimming stages (3 mm) appeared early May and reached their adult length (25 mm), in October. During their first year, they grew according to a Von Bertalanffy model and most probably constituted a single cohort. Juveniles had the highest growth rate (0.19 mm day−1) and revealed relatively low total lipid (TL) content (about 2.5% wet weight (WW)) with phospholipids as the major lipid class. Sub-adults showed a distinct decrease of growth rates which coincided with the increase of neutral lipid storage, reflecting a switch in energy allocation, from somatic growth to lipid storage. Indeed wax esters (WE) increased up to 48.5% TL on average in adults in 2006 while triacylglycerols (TAG) remained almost constant below 25.2% TL. The absence of lipid accumulation (in disproportion of the weight) in 2007 could be explained by a higher metabolism of T. libellula or preys of lower quality. In Rijpfjorden, adults in their second year continued accumulating lipid (up to 10% WW) with high and similar proportions of both lipid classes, WE and TAG. We highlighted that T. libellula exhibited a variable lipid metabolism along its life cycle depending on its physiological needs and environmental conditions

    Microbial processes in a high-latitude fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard) : II. Ciliates and dinoflagellates

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    This paper is part of Lena Seuthe's doctoral thesis, which is available in Munin at http://hdl.handle.net/10037/3777The composition and ecological role of ciliates and dinoflagellates were investigated at one station in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, during six consecutive field campaigns between March and December 2006. Total ciliate and dinoflagellate abundance mirrored the seasonal progression of phytoplankton, peaking with 5.8 9 104 cells l-1 in April at an average chlorophyll a concentration of 10 lg l-1. Dinoflagellates were more abundant than ciliates, dominated by small athecates. Among ciliates, aloricate oligotrichs dominated the assemblage. A large fraction ([60%) of ciliates and dinoflagellates contained chloroplasts in spring and summer. The biomass of the purely heterotrophic fraction of the ciliate and dinoflagellate community (protozooplankton) was with 14 lg C l-1 highest in conjunction with the phytoplankton spring bloom in April. Growth experiments revealed similar specific growth rates for heterotrophic ciliates and dinoflagellates (\0–0.8 d-1). Food availability may have controlled the protozooplankton assemblage in winter, while copepods may have exerted a strong control during the post-bloom period. Calculations of the potential grazing rates of the protozooplankton indicated its ability to control or heavily impact the phytoplankton stocks at most times. The results show that ciliates and dinoflagellates were an important component of the pelagic food web in Kongsfjorden and need to be taken into account when discussing the fate of phytoplankton and biogeochemical cycling in Arctic marine ecosystems

    Stratégie de vie d'Oithona similis et rÎle dans les interactions trophiques d'un écosystÚme cÎtier en Arctique

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    Les petits copépodes (L <=1 mm) sont sous-estimés en termes d abondance et de biomasse, ce qui a des répercussions potentielles sur les estimations de production des écosystÚmes. Afin de mieux décrire l importance des petits copépodes dans l écosystÚme pélagique arctique, nous avons étudié Oithona similis (Cyclopoida). Sa population et son contenu lipidique ont été suivis sur le terrain du printemps à la fin de l été en 2006 et 2007, en plus d une approche expérimentale, dans le Kongsfjorden, un fjord sur la cÎte ouest du Spitsberg (79N). O. similis présente des spécialisations typiques du zooplancton arctique, et plus largement des régions ayant un court apport de production primaire. L accumulation de lipides sous forme de cirres, molécules trÚs énergétiques, est traditionnellement liée à un régime herbivore, mais il a été observé chez l omnivore O. similis qui utilise cette réserve d énergie pour sa reproduction. Nos résultats confirment la préférence d O. similis pour les ciliés, parmi lesquels des bactérivores, et donc son utilisation efficace du réseau microbien comme source de carbone. L impact quantitatif d O. similis et autres petits copépodes est intimement lié à l état trophique de l écosystÚme et à l importance de grand copépodes Calanoides, qui sont en diapause pendant une partie de l année. Pour conclure, la diversité des liens trophiques d O. similis ajoute de la complexité à la structure du réseau trophique du Kongsfjorden, ce qui peut avoir des conséquences pour la circulation du carbone dans cet écosystÚme pélagique. Dans ce sens, la flexibilité et l ubiquité d O. similis pourrait jouer un rÎle de régulation dans l écosystÚme Arctique en changement.PARIS-BIUSJ-Sci.Terre recherche (751052114) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Ontogenic variations in fatty acid and alcohol composition of the pelagic amphipod Themisto libellula in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard)

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    The fatty acid and alcohol composition of the pelagic amphipod, Themisto libellula, was monitored during the 5 first months of its life cycle (4-20 mm length) in an Arctic fjord, Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Fatty acids of the three major lipid classes, polar lipids (PL), triacylglycerol (TAG), and wax esters (WE), were analyzed to highlight ontogenic changes in their diet and metabolism. The PL composition of T. libellula did not show any strong variations along their growth except during the first month where an important increase of 20:5(n-3) (EPA) and 22:6(n-3) (DHA) was observed. The TAG composition revealed a clear gradient corresponding to a diet shift from omnivorous juveniles toward carnivorous sub-adults and adults. Indeed, fatty acid trophic markers of diatoms were dominant in the juveniles, whereas 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11), the Calanus sp. trophic markers, overwhelmed in the older stages. The WE composition highlighted the same general trend, however, differences were found with the TAG and are discussed as a result of differences in turnover rates and assimilation pathways between the two lipid classes

    Seasonal and individual variability of lipid reserves in Oithona similis (Cyclopoida) in an Arctic fjord

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    The lipid storage of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona similis was investigated from spring to late summer 2007 in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway). The volume of lipid droplets in each individual reflected the amount of stored wax esters. Seasonal changes of lipid storage coupled with informative inter-individual variability were thus obtained. The seasonal pattern showed an increase in lipid store during the spring bloom, starting before the chlorophyll a maximum for both copepodids stage V and females. Those reserves were used during the main reproductive event in June. Individual variability was very high, with a significant proportion of copepods having no droplet, while others were lipid rich. Because of the overlap of generation, females could have different age and feeding history, particularly in September. Consideration of intra-population variability in lipid storage using an optical approach has been shown to be important to understand O. similis's ecology and life cycle

    Détection de QTL contrÎlant l'efficacité digestive dans un croisement de lignées de poulets sélectionnées de façon divergentes pour ce caractÚre

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    Session : GĂ©nĂ©tique, sĂ©lection et reproductionSession : GĂ©nĂ©tique, sĂ©lection et reproductionAmĂ©liorer l'efficacitĂ© digestive des poulets est un enjeu majeur qui permettrait non seulement de limiter les coĂ»ts de production mais aussi de valoriser efficacement des matiĂšres premiĂšres alternatives tout en rĂ©duisant le volume des rejets. La mesure de l'efficacitĂ© digestive Ă©tant relativement lourde, disposer de marqueurs gĂ©nĂ©tiques impliquĂ©s dans la variabilitĂ© de ce caractĂšre serait un outil prĂ©cieux pour la sĂ©lection. Une premiĂšre recherche de QTL est prĂ©sentĂ©e, impliquant 820 poulets de chair issus de 6 familles dans un croisement de type F2 entre les lignĂ©es D- et D+, sĂ©lectionnĂ©es de façon divergente sur l'Ă©nergie mĂ©tabolisable apparente corrigĂ©e pour un bilan azotĂ© nul (EMAn), mesurĂ©e Ă  3 semaines d'Ăąge avec un rĂ©gime contenant un blĂ© de mauvaise qualitĂ© (variĂ©tĂ© Rialto). Cinq critĂšres de digestibilitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s : l'EMAn, des coefficients de digestibilitĂ© de la matiĂšre sĂšche (CUDMS), de l'amidon (CUDAmidon), des protĂ©ines (CUDProtĂ©ines) et des lipides (CUDLipides). Les animaux ont tous Ă©tĂ© gĂ©notypĂ©s avec 6000 marqueurs SNP, choisis parmi 57636 marqueurs comme les plus informatifs pour notre dispositif. Au total, les marqueurs sont rĂ©partis sur 28 autosomes, 1 groupe de liaison et le chromosome Z. En utilisant le logiciel QTLMap (dĂ©veloppĂ© Ă  l'INRA) pour des analyses de liaison en cartographie d'intervalle, 9 QTL (locus de caractĂšre quantitatif) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s. Sur le chromosome 20, deux QTL significatifs au niveau du gĂ©nome ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s Ă  la mĂȘme position pour CUDAmidon et CUDMS, deux caractĂšres fortement corrĂ©lĂ©s. De mĂȘme, des QTL significatifs au niveau du chromosome pour EMAn, CUDAmidon, CUDMS, CUDProtĂ©ines sont localisĂ©s dans la mĂȘme rĂ©gion du chromosome 16. Sur les chromosomes 23 et 26, des QTL significatifs au niveau du chromosome ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s pour CUDAmidon, celui portĂ© par le chromosome 26 Ă©tant situĂ© Ă  1 cM d'un QTL contrĂŽlant le rapport de la longueur de l'intestin au poids vif dĂ©tectĂ© sur ce mĂȘme dispositif. Sur le chromosome 27, un QTL significatif au niveau du chromosome est dĂ©tectĂ© pour CUDMS

    Détection de QTL contrÎlant l'efficacité digestive dans un croisement de lignées de poulets sélectionnées de façon divergentes pour ce caractÚre

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    Session : GĂ©nĂ©tique, sĂ©lection et reproductionAmĂ©liorer l'efficacitĂ© digestive des poulets est un enjeu majeur qui permettrait non seulement de limiter les coĂ»ts de production mais aussi de valoriser efficacement des matiĂšres premiĂšres alternatives tout en rĂ©duisant le volume des rejets. La mesure de l'efficacitĂ© digestive Ă©tant relativement lourde, disposer de marqueurs gĂ©nĂ©tiques impliquĂ©s dans la variabilitĂ© de ce caractĂšre serait un outil prĂ©cieux pour la sĂ©lection. Une premiĂšre recherche de QTL est prĂ©sentĂ©e, impliquant 820 poulets de chair issus de 6 familles dans un croisement de type F2 entre les lignĂ©es D- et D+, sĂ©lectionnĂ©es de façon divergente sur l'Ă©nergie mĂ©tabolisable apparente corrigĂ©e pour un bilan azotĂ© nul (EMAn), mesurĂ©e Ă  3 semaines d'Ăąge avec un rĂ©gime contenant un blĂ© de mauvaise qualitĂ© (variĂ©tĂ© Rialto). Cinq critĂšres de digestibilitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s : l'EMAn, des coefficients de digestibilitĂ© de la matiĂšre sĂšche (CUDMS), de l'amidon (CUDAmidon), des protĂ©ines (CUDProtĂ©ines) et des lipides (CUDLipides). Les animaux ont tous Ă©tĂ© gĂ©notypĂ©s avec 6000 marqueurs SNP, choisis parmi 57636 marqueurs comme les plus informatifs pour notre dispositif. Au total, les marqueurs sont rĂ©partis sur 28 autosomes, 1 groupe de liaison et le chromosome Z. En utilisant le logiciel QTLMap (dĂ©veloppĂ© Ă  l'INRA) pour des analyses de liaison en cartographie d'intervalle, 9 QTL (locus de caractĂšre quantitatif) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s. Sur le chromosome 20, deux QTL significatifs au niveau du gĂ©nome ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s Ă  la mĂȘme position pour CUDAmidon et CUDMS, deux caractĂšres fortement corrĂ©lĂ©s. De mĂȘme, des QTL significatifs au niveau du chromosome pour EMAn, CUDAmidon, CUDMS, CUDProtĂ©ines sont localisĂ©s dans la mĂȘme rĂ©gion du chromosome 16. Sur les chromosomes 23 et 26, des QTL significatifs au niveau du chromosome ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s pour CUDAmidon, celui portĂ© par le chromosome 26 Ă©tant situĂ© Ă  1 cM d'un QTL contrĂŽlant le rapport de la longueur de l'intestin au poids vif dĂ©tectĂ© sur ce mĂȘme dispositif. Sur le chromosome 27, un QTL significatif au niveau du chromosome est dĂ©tectĂ© pour CUDMS

    Detection of QTL controlling digestive efficiency and anatomy of the digestive tract in chicken fed a wheat-based diet.

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    Improving digestive efficiency is a major goal in poultry production, to reduce production costs, make possible the use of alternative feedstuffs and decrease the volume of manure produced. Since measuring digestive efficiency is difficult, identifying molecular markers associated with genes controlling this trait would be a valuable tool for selection. Detection of QTL (quantitative trait loci) was undertaken on 820 meat-type chickens in a F2 cross between D- and D+ lines divergently selected on low or high AMEn (apparent metabolizable energy value of diet corrected to 0 nitrogen balance) measured at three weeks in animals fed a low-quality diet. Birds were measured for 13 traits characterizing digestive efficiency (AMEn, coefficients of digestive utilization of starch, lipids, proteins and dry matter (CDUS, CDUL, CDUP, CDUDM)), anatomy of the digestive tract (relative weights of the proventriculus, gizzard and intestine and proventriculus plus gizzard (RPW, RGW, RIW, RPGW), relative length and density of the intestine (RIL, ID), ratio of proventriculus and gizzard to intestine weight (PG/I); and body weight at 23 days of age. Animals were genotyped for 6000 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) distributed on 28 autosomes, the Z chromosome and one unassigned linkage group.Nine QTL for digestive efficiency traits, 11 QTL for anatomy-related traits and two QTL for body weight at 23 days of age were detected. On chromosome 20, two significant QTL at the genome level co-localized for CDUS and CDUDM, i.e. two traits that are highly correlated genetically. Moreover, on chromosome 16, chromosome-wide QTL for AMEn, CDUS, CDUDM and CDUP, on chromosomes 23 and 26, chromosome-wide QTL for CDUS, on chromosomes 16 and 26, co-localized QTL for digestive efficiency and the ratio of intestine length to body weight and on chromosome 27 a chromosome-wide QTL for CDUDM were identified.This study identified several regions of the chicken genome involved in the control of digestive efficiency. Further studies are necessary to identify the underlying genes and to validate these in commercial populations and breeding environments
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