Ecological study of three hydrozoan species associated with three different nassariid gastropod species in the Seto Inland Sea

広島県竹原市近海において潮間帯に生息する腹足類アラムシロにエボシクラゲ属の1種，潮下帯に生息する腹足類ムシロガイ，キヌボラにそれぞれタマクラゲ，ミサキアミネウミヒドラのポリプが共生し，これらの調査期間中の共生率はそれぞれ9.1%，93.8%，83.8％であることが明らかとなった。これらの組合せには例外がみられず，宿主特異性は高かった。エボシクラゲ属の1 種の生殖体は6，9月，タマクラゲは8月のみ出現していたが，ミサキアミネウミヒドラは4–7，9，11，12月と頻繁に出現していた。また，ムシロガイ，キヌボラに比べて，アラムシロが底質中に潜行している時間は長い傾向が認められた。3種のポリプのうち，エボシクラゲ属の1種のみ厚い囲皮を備えるが，この形態は宿主が潮間帯に生息するため，干出による乾燥への適応であるかもしれない。また，このことが本種の共生率が低い原因の一つとして考えられる。Polyps of three hydrozoan species associated with three gastropod species of the family Nassariidae were observed in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan: (1) Leuckartiara sp. with Nassarius festivus occurring in the intertidal zone as well as (2) Cytaeis uchidae with N. livescens and (3) Stylactaria misakiensis with N. japonicus occurring in the sublittoral zone. Each hydrozoan species was highly host-specific, without any exceptional combination. The host utilization rates of the three hydrozoan species were markedly different; as such, the host utilization rate of Leuckartiara sp. occurring in the intertidal zone was less than 10%, whereas that of C. uchidae and S. misakiensis occurring in the subtidal zone ranged from 84% to 94%. Sexual reproduction was limited to summers in Leuckartiara sp. and C. uchidae, but it occurred yearround in S. misakiensis. The burying behavior of host shells differed among the three species; specifically, the intertidal N. festivus was buried in the sediments for over 20 h a day, while the subtidal C. uchidae and S. misakiensis were buried for less than 7 h a day. The ecological differences among the examined hydrozoan species associated with specific nassarrid hosts likely strengthen their niche segregation

Effects of dietary intake and nutritional status on cerebral oxygenation in patients with chronic kidney disease not undergoing dialysis: A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundDietary management is highly important for the maintenance of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) was reportedly associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and cognitive function. However, data concerning the association between cerebral rSO2 and dietary intake of CKD patients is limited.MethodsThis was a single-center observational study. We recruited 67 CKD patients not undergoing dialysis. Cerebral rSO2 was monitored using the INVOS 5100c oxygen saturation monitor. Energy intake was evaluated by dietitians based on 3-day meal records. Daily protein and salt intakes were calculated from 24-h urine collection.ResultsMultivariable regression analysis showed that cerebral rSO2 was independently associated with energy intake (standardized coefficient: 0.370) and serum albumin concentration (standardized coefficient: 0.236) in Model 1 using parameters with p ConclusionsCerebral rSO2 is affected by energy intake, energy/salt index, serum albumin concentration and Hb level. Sufficient energy intake and adequate salt restriction is important to prevent deterioration of cerebral oxygenation, which might contribute to the maintenance of cognitive function in addition to the prevention of renal dysfunction in CKD patients